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CRITICISM, JUSTIFICATION, AND LEARNING Danny Frederick https://independent.academia.edu/DannyFrederick A person with a closed mind is opposed to learning; he just wants to stay as he is. In contrast, a person with an open mind wants to learn so that he can change in ways that give him a better chance of achieving his aims. A person might have a closed mind and want to stay as he is only with regard to some things, while being willing to learn and change with regard to some others. The test for whether a person has a closed or an open mind (with regard to some topic) is how he responds to criticism. Typically, a closed-minded person is offended. If he makes an overt response, he may reveal that he is offended, he may insult or denounce the critic, or he may engage in some form of angry outburst. He may even respond with violence. If he responds with argument, he is preoccupied with justifying himself or what he thinks. In contrast, an open-minded person will typically pay keen attention to the criticism because, if it is correct, it will teach him something and it may therefore show him how he better achieve his aims. However, not all criticisms are correct, so the open-minded person will typically try to evaluate the criticism, to identify where it is right and where it is wrong, and obtain clarification or amplification from the critic. In short, his response is typically a reasoned discussion with the critic that focuses on the issues raised (rather than personal issues) with a view to learning something new. A university is a place of learning where, as the famous phrase goes, ‘people are taught not what to think, but how to think.’ Its teachers and students should therefore be open-minded. The last thing one would expect to encounter in a such a place is people taking offence at criticism, denouncing each other or trying to silence rival views. Yet contemporary universities are infested with people exhibiting such behaviour. They are changing from places of education into places of indoctrination. I have drawn on some ideas in Karl Popper’s The Open Society and its Enemies; also his ‘Back to the Presocratics’ in his Conjectures and Refutations. See also Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me) by Tavris and Aronson, which is generally good, despite a few flaws. I say more about all this in a paper available here: https://www.academia.edu/20435616/Freedom_Positive_Negative_Expressive