Elsevier

Cognition

Volume 31, Issue 1, February 1989, Pages 45-60
Cognition

A unified theory of the meaning of some spatial relational terms

https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(89)90017-6Get rights and content

Abstract

This paper presents a unified account of the meaning of the spatial relational terms right, left, in front of, behind, above and below. It claims that each term has three types of meanings, basic, deictic and intrinsic, and that the definitions of each type of meaning are identical in form for all six terms. Restrictions on the use of the terms, which are different for above and below than for the rest, are explained by a general constraint on all uses of spatial relational terms, the framework vertical constraint. This constraint depends on the existence of a fourth type of meaning for above and below, one defined by the framework in which the related objects are located. It is argued that a theory centred on the framework vertical constraint is preferable to one centred on the principle of canonical orientation (Levelt, 1984).

Résumé

Cet article offre une description unifiée du sens des termes décrivant des relations spatiales (à droite de, à gauche de, devant, derrière, au dessus de et au dessous de). L'article propose que chaque terme possède trois sortes de sens - sens de base, sens déictique et sens intrinsèque - dont les définitions sont formellement identiques pour les six termes. Les restrictions dans l'usage de ces termes, qui sont différentes pour au dessus de et au dessous de et pour les autres termes, s'expliquent par une contrainte générale à toute utilisation de termes de relations spatiales, la contrainte du cadre vertical. Cette contrainte dépend de l'existence d'un quatriéme type de sens pour au dessus de et au dessous de, sens défini par le cadre spatial dans lequel se situent les objets. Des arguments suggèrent qu'une théorie fondée sur la contrainte du cadre vertical est préférable à une théorie fondée sur le principe d'orientation canonique (Levelt, 1984).

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Cited by (0)

I would like to thank Pim Levelt for his encouragement in the early stages of this research, which were carried out while I was a Visiting Fellow at the Max-Planck-Institut für Psycholinguistik in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. The influence of his approach to the meaning of spatial relational terms on my own work should be obvious. His comments on a later version of the paper were also invaluable, particularly in refining my arguments against the principle of canonical orientation. I would also like to thank Jane Oakhill for numerous conversations about spatial relations, which helped to sharpen up my ideas. She, Steve Isard and Phil Johnson- Laird provided useful comments on an earlier draft. Chris Brew presented some written comments after a talk based on that draft. The paper was completed while I was a Visiting Fellow in the Department of Language and Literature at the Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, Tilburg, the Netherlands. I would like to thank Leo Noordman and the other members of the Werkberband Tekstwetenschap for their hospitality during this period.

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