Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Emancipatory Ethical Social Media Campaigns: Fostering Relationship Harmony and Peace

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

While emancipatory ethical social media campaigns play an imperative role for fostering relationship and facilitating peace, limited research has examined the motivational response from peace-promoting viral videos. This research scrutinizes the effects of a viral video titled “Peace Anthem”: a mash-up between Pakistani and Indian national anthems, performed by famous artists and broadcasted in the wake of Independence Day in India and Pakistan. We examine the effect of listening to the anthem medley on relationship harmony using a longitudinal study design and contribute to the burgeoning body of knowledge on peace music and relational musicology fostering relationship harmony. Study 1, consisting of 1048 cases, determines the effects of the likeability of the “Peace Anthem” and education on relationship harmony, and it also examines the moderating role of education. Study 2 with 605 cases investigates the persistency of these effects over time. The results demonstrate significant relationships between the likeability of the “Peace Anthem” and education with relationship harmony, as well as validate the moderating role of education. Although these effects decrease over time, there are noteworthy changes that consequently call for the persistence of ethical social media campaigns for stimulating peace. We discuss the policy implications of these findings and conclude with study limitations and recommendations for further research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The video is available here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeP0ua6m814.

References

  • Ahmed, I. (2002). The 1947 partition of India: A paradigm for pathological politics in India and Pakistan. Asian Ethnicity,3(1), 9–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar, P., Khan, Z., Rao-Nicholson, R., & Zhang, M. (2016). Building relationship innovation in global collaborative partnerships: Big data analytics and traditional organizational powers. R&D Management.,49(1), 7–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardzell, J., Bardzell, S., & Pace, T. (2008). Emotion, engagement and internet video. Emotion, 417–443.

  • Barongan, C., & Hall, G. C. N. (1995). The influence of misogynous rap music on sexual aggression against women. Psychology of Women Quarterly,19(2), 195–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergh, A., & Sloboda, J. (2010). Music and art in conflict transformation: A review. Music and Arts in Action,2(2), 2–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, I. V., & Banaji, M. R. (1996). Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,70(6), 1142–1163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boltz, M. G., Ebendorf, B., & Field, B. (2009). Audiovisual interactions: The impact of visual information on music perception and memory. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal,27(1), 43–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, K. (2007). Theory of world security (p. 8). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bratić, V. (2006). Media effects during violent conflict: Evaluating media contributions to peace building. Conflict & Communication,5(1), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. P., & Stayman, D. M. (1992). Antecedents and consequences of attitude toward the ad: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consumer Research,19(1), 34–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broxton, T., Interian, Y., Vaver, J., & Wattenhofer, M. (2013). Catching a viral video. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems,40(2), 241–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerulo, K. A. (1993). Symbols and the world system: National anthems and flags. Sociological Forum,8(2), 243–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, B., Choy, G., & Lee, A. (2009). Harmony as the basis for education for sustainable development: A case example of Yew Chung International Schools. International Journal of Early Childhood,41(2), 35–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiu, C. Y., Leung, A. K., & Hong, Y. Y. (2011). Cultural processes: A social psychological perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, S. C. (2011). Viral advertising in social media: Participation in Facebook groups and responses among college-aged users. Journal of Interactive Advertising,12(1), 30–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, E., DeNora, T., & Vuoskoski, J. (2015). Music, empathy and cultural understanding. Physics of Life Reviews,15, 61–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coates, J., Gray, M., & Hetherington, T. (2006). An ‘ecospiritual’ perspective: Finally, a place for indigenous approaches. British Journal of Social Work,36(3), 381–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, C. F., Arafat, C., Tidhar, C., Tafesh, W. Z., Fox, N. A., Killen, M., et al. (2003). The educational impact of Rechov Sumsum/Shara’a Simsim: A Sesame Street television series to promote respect and understanding among children living in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. International Journal of Behavioral Development,27(5), 409–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, N. (2010). Intercultural analysis as relational musicology. In First Conference on Analytical Approaches to World Music, University of Massachusetts Amherst, February (pp. 19–21).

  • Corte, U., & Edwards, B. (2008). White Power music and the mobilization of racist social movements. Music and Arts in Action,1(1), 4–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cusick, S. G. (2008). You are in a place that is out of the world: Music in the detention camps of the ‘global war on terror’. Journal of the Society for American Music,2(1), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Amore, L. (2009). Peace through tourism: The birthing of a new socio-economic order. Journal of Business Ethics,89(4), 559–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, D. & Shabbir, H. A. (2019, forthcoming). Handbook of Propaganda Research, SAGE.

  • DeNora, T. (2005). The pebble in the pond: Musicing, therapy, community. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy,14(1), 57–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). Consistent and asymptotically normal PLS estimators for linear structural equations. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis,81(1), 10–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dingli, S. (2015). We need to talk about silence: Re-examining silence in International Relations theory. European Journal of International Relations,21(4), 721–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doney, P. M., & Cannon, J. P. (1997). An examination of the nature of trust in buyer-seller relationships. The Journal of Marketing,61(2), 35–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckler, P., & Bolls, P. (2011). Spreading the virus: Emotional tone of viral advertising and its effect on forwarding intentions and attitudes. Journal of Interactive Advertising,11(2), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyerman, R., & Jamison, A. (1998). Music and social movements: Mobilizing traditions in the twentieth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Feshbach, S. (1994). Nationalism, patriotism, and aggression. In L. R. Huesmann (Ed.), Aggressive behavior (pp. 275–291). Boston, MA: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson, A., & Hughes, E. (2000). Advertising for peace: The state and political advertising in Northern Ireland, 1988‐1998. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television,20(3), 397–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornell, C. (1982). A second generation of multivarite analysis. New York: Praeger Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, W. M., & Wiebe, E. (2010). Praxis makes perfect: Recovering the ethical promise of critical management studies. Journal of Business Ethics,94(2), 271–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (1993). How to design and evaluate research in education (Vol. 7). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Nier, J. A., Ward, C. M., & Banker, B. S. (1999). Across cultural divides: the value of a superordinate identity. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research,6(3), 167–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galtung, J. (1981). Social cosmology and the concept of peace. Journal of Peace Research,18(2), 183–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galtung, J. (2008). Peace, music and the arts: in search of interconnections. In O. Urbain (Ed.), Music and conflict transformation: Harmonies and dissonances in geopolitics (pp. 53–59). New York: Toda Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galtung, J. (2013). Peace, memory and education research. International Journal of Educational Researchers,4(3), 22–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garlin, F. V., & Owen, K. (2006). Setting the tone with the tune: A meta-analytic review of the effects of background music settings. Journal of Business Research,59(6), 755–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gidron, B., Katz, S., Meyer, M., Hasenfeld, Y., Schwartz, R., & Crane, J. K. (1999). Peace and conflict resolution organizations in three protracted conflicts: Structures, resources and ideology. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,10(4), 275–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilboa, A., & Bodner, E. (2009). What are your thoughts when the national anthem is playing? An empirical exploration. Psychology of Music,37(4), 459–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, T., Sinclair, G., & Tinson, J. (2016). Do they know it’s CSR at all? An exploration of socially responsible music consumption. Journal of Business Ethics,138(2), 231–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greitemeyer, T. (2009). Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial thoughts, affect, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(1), 186–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagos, A. (2001). Media intervention in peace building in Burundi-The Studio Ijambo experience and impact. Washington DC: Management Systems International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice,19(2), 139–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haugh, H. M., & Talwar, A. (2016). Linking social entrepreneurship and social change: The mediating role of empowerment. Journal of Business Ethics,133(4), 643–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henseler, J., Dijkstra, T. K., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Diamantopoulos, A., Straub, D. W., et al. (2014). Common beliefs and reality about PLS: Comments on Rönkkö and Evermann (2013). Organizational Research Methods,17(2), 182–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hetland, L. (2000). Learning to make music enhances spatial reasoning. Journal of Aesthetic Education,34(3/4), 179–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, J., & Hawkins, V. (Eds.). (2015). Communication and peace: Mapping an emerging field. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal,6(1), 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, W. H. D., Hood, D. W., & Yoo, S. J. (2013). Gender divide and acceptance of collaborative Web 2.0 applications for learning in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education,16, 57–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, G. (2008). Unpeaceful music. In O. Urbain (Ed.), Music and conflict transformation: Harmonies and dissonances in geopolitics (pp. 105–111). New York: Toda Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, R. (2014). Pursuing songs of peace and reconciliation. In W. A. Dyrness & N. Syeed-Miller (Eds.), (un) Common sounds: Songs of peace and reconciliation among Muslims and Christians. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, J. (2004). Framing abuse: Media influence and public understanding of sexual violence against children. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korostelina, K. (2010). War of textbooks: History education in Russia and Ukraine. Communist and Post-Communist Studies,43(2), 129–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauwo, S. (2018). Challenging masculinity in CSR disclosures: Silencing of women’s voices in Tanzania’s mining industry. Journal of Business Ethics,149(3), 689–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lavine, M. (2009). From scholarly dialogue to social movement: Considerations and implications for peace through commerce. Journal of Business Ethics,89(4), 603–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehnert, K., Till, B. D., & Carlson, B. D. (2013). Advertising creativity and repetition: Recall, wearout and wearin effects. International Journal of Advertising,32(2), 211–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, S. E., & Hawkins, D. E. (2009). Peace through tourism: Commerce based principles and practices. Journal of Business Ethics,89(4), 569–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu-Thompkins, Y. (2012). Seeding viral content: The role of message and network factors. Journal of Advertising Research,52(4), 465–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie, S. (2003). In harmony, The Guardian, 5 April. Retrieved from www.guardian. co.uk/music/2003 (Accessed 8 October 2018).

  • Matthes, J., & Schmuck, D. (2017). The effects of anti-immigrant right-wing populist ads on implicit and explicit attitudes: A moderated mediation model. Communication Research,44(4), 556–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, M. (2007). Emancipation and critical terrorism studies. European Political Science,6(3), 252–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, D. (2009). Carrying words like weapons: Hiphop and the poetics of Palestinian identities in Israel. Israeli Studies in Musicology,7(2), 116–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, K. (2006). “We are the Champions”: Masculinities, sports and popular music. Popular Music and Society,29(5), 531–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, S. K. (2001). War and Peace in South Asia: A revisionist view of India-Pakistan relations. Contemporary South Asia,10(3), 361–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, E., Schaefer, R., Bastin, M., Roberts, N., & Overy, K. (2014). Can musical training influence brain connectivity? Evidence from diffusion tensor MRI. Brain Sciences,4(2), 405–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naik, P. A., Mantrala, M. K., & Sawyer, A. G. (1998). Planning media schedules in the presence of dynamic advertising quality. Marketing Science,17(3), 214–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nedelea, A. M., & Nedelea, M. O. (2015). Peace Marketing. Ecoforum Journal,4(2), 188–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nel, J. A., Valchev, V. H., Rothmann, S., Vijver, F. J., Meiring, D., & Bruin, G. P. (2012). Exploring the personality structure in the 11 languages of South Africa. Journal of Personality,80(4), 915–948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, B., Melewar, T. C., & Chen, J. (2013). A framework of brand likeability: An exploratory study of likeability in firm-level brands. Journal of Strategic Marketing,21(4), 368–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, R. P. (1993). Woolman’s” I am we” triple-loop action-learning: Origin and application in organization ethics. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,29(1), 117–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, J. M., & Castelo-Branco, S. E. S. (Eds.). (2010). Music and conflict. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettan, S. (1998). Music, politics, and war in Croatia in the 1990 s: An introduction. Zagreb: Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. L. (2004). Can there be “music for peace”? International Journal on World Peace,21(2), 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pless, N. M., Maak, T., & Harris, H. (2017). Art, ethics and the promotion of human dignity. Journal of Business Ethics,144(2), 223–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pruitt, L. J. (2013). Youth peacebuilding: Music, gender, and change. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulles, N. J., & Hartman, P. (2017). Likeability and its effect on outcomes of interpersonal interaction. Industrial Marketing Management,66, 56–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsbotham, O., Miall, H., & Woodhouse, T. (2011). Contemporary conflict resolution. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reysen, S. (2005). Construction of a new scale: The Reysen likability scale. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal,33(2), 201–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rish, R. M. (2015). Investigating the implications of racelifting: Critical considerations of race in transmedia storytelling. SIGNAL Journal,37(1), 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robb, S. L. (2000). Music assisted progressive muscle relaxation, progressive muscle relaxation, music listening, and silence: A comparison of relaxation techniques. Journal of Music Therapy,37(1), 2–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, C. (2010). Music and conflict transformation in Bosnia: Constructing and reconstructing the normal. Music and Arts in Action,2(2), 38–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, J. (1992). From confrontation to cooperation: Resolving ethnic and regional conflict (Vol. 6). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sathasivam, K. (2017). Uneasy neighbors: India, Pakistan and US foreign policy. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. K., & Alderdice, J. (2007). Civil paths to peace: Report of the Commonwealth Commission on Respect and Understanding. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shabbir, H. A. (2017). Peace marketing: Mapping the terrain, Special Session in 50th Academy of Marketing Conference, University of Hull, UK, July 2017. Retrieved from https://www.academyofmarketing.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/AM2017-Special-Session-2-Peace-Marketing.pdf.

  • Shehu, E., Bijmolt, T. H., & Clement, M. (2016). Effects of likeability dynamics on consumers’ intention to share online video advertisements. Journal of Interactive Marketing,35, 27–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Social Samosa. (2017). Peace Anthem is a medley of Indian and Pakistani national anthems and has been released, just ahead of both the nation’s Independence Day. Retrieved from https://www.socialsamosa.com/2017/08/indian-pakistani-peace-anthem/August142017.

  • UN News. (2004). Music can make the world a more harmonious place, Annan says. Retrieved from https://news.un.org/en/story/2004/11/120412-music-can-make-world-more-harmonious-place-annan-says.

  • Urbain, O. (2008). Music and conflict transformation: Harmonies and dissonances in geopolitics. New York: Toda Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfsfeld, G. (2001). The news media and peace processes: The Middle East and Northern Ireland. Washington: United States Institute of Peace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yelkur, R., Tomkovick, C., Hofer, A., & Rozumalski, D. (2013). Super Bowl ad likeability: Enduring and emerging predictors. Journal of Marketing Communications,19(1), 58–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zelizer, C. M. (2003). The role of artistic processes in peacebuilding in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Peace and Conflict Studies,10(2), 62–75.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pervaiz Akhtar.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All Authors involved in this study declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

The informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix 1

Appendix 1

See Table 6.

Table 6 The brief description of questions and scales used for Study 1 and Study 2

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ghouri, A.M., Akhtar, P., Vachkova, M. et al. Emancipatory Ethical Social Media Campaigns: Fostering Relationship Harmony and Peace. J Bus Ethics 164, 287–300 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04279-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04279-5

Keywords

Navigation