Philosophic Foundations of Genetic Psychology and Gestalt Psychology: A Comparative Study of the Empirical Basis, Theoretical Structure, and Epistemological Groundwork of European Biological PsychologyXVI Psychologists have, however, shown that what we are primarily aware of is not a succession of sense-data but figures-ground phenomena: Wittgenstein's ambiguous duck-rabbit is merely one such example. They have also drawn our attention to the existence of tertiary qualities in perception, such as 'symmetry' and 'elegance' which are just as directly given as are the perceived colours red, green or yellow. It is interesting to note that Merleau-Ponty has made considerable use of Gestalt ideas in his Phenomenology of Perception. One of the commonest reasons given by linguistic philosophers for not making direct use of the results of psychological research (although philosophers are usually willing to accept the first-hand results of physical science) is that philosophical accounts of perception and thinking are concerned with analysing the language in which these reports are made; that is to say, they are second-order enquiries. Often this approach is still more restricted and ordinary linguistic usage is taken as the yardstick against which questions relating to thought and perception are to be measured. The task of the philosopher is then con fined to the analysis of ordinary language. If he is more adventurous, as some writers on philosophical psychology are, he might go on to show how far the language used by psychological researchers falls short of the paradigms of common sense. |
Contents
logic and PSYCHOLOGY | 22 |
PHENOMENA OF PERCEPTION WHY DO THINGS | 42 |
Hypothesis of Strategies | 71 |
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A. N. Whitehead abstract Accordingly ages analysis aspect basic behavior biological sciences ception Chapter classical cognitive color concept configurations consciousness consequently consists constitutes contemporary context correlation corresponding critique described elements emotions empirical empiricism entities epistemological equilibrium essentially European genetic psychology evolution experience explained with reference explanation fact follows former framework French Phase function functional psychology genetic epistemology genetic levels genetic theory gestalt epistemology gestalt psychology gestalt theory gestalten hypothesis hypothetical images imagist interpretation introspection Köhler language latter learning linguistic logical positivism logical schema logical structure meaning method methodological morphology natural sciences neopositivism objective observed ontogeny operationism perception perspective phenomenological phenomenon philosophy of science physical physicalist physiological Piaget positivism principle problem propositions psycho psychoanalysis psychogenetic qualitative quantitative realistic reductionism relationship relative remains represent respect School of Geneva scientific stage standpoint synthesis theoretical thinking thought processes traits transcendent types verification viewpoint