Abstract
Sensory dysfunction has been shown to be a part of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Nowadays we have an objective, non-invasive tool with which to measure neural manifestations of sensory dysfunction. Defined as time-locked changes to external stimuli in the EEG, event-related potentials (ERPs) provide an objective index of information processing in the human brain. Importantly, ERPs may be analyzed through a variety of approaches such as conventional ERP analysis, analysis in the time-frequency domain, microstate segmentation and topographical analysis, as well as source localisation analysis. Each of the methods gives distinct information; they also supplement each other. Here, an attempt is made to verify the validity of combining different approaches to study sensory dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. For example, the data from a schizophrenic patient and an age- and sex-matched healthy subject generate a picture of the events which emerges after visual, proprioceptive and simultaneous presentation of stimuli in both modalities. This approach, though time-consuming, allows the visualisation of changes appearing in the malfunctioning brain as compared to the healthy brain. These methods could ultimately lead to a better establishment of one or more endophenotypes for the schizophrenic disorders. They might also serve as a way to track changes in response to various medications and therapies.
Zusammenfassung
Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die sensorische Dysfunktion Teil der pathologischen Physiologie der Schizophrenie ist. Heute steht uns ein objektives nichtinvasives Instrument zur Messung neuraler Manifestationen sensorischer Dysfunktion zur Verfügung. Definiert als streng zeitlich gebundene Veränderungen externer Stimuli im EEG, bieten ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale (EKP) einen objektiven Index der Informationsverarbeitung im menschlichen Gehirn. Es ist wichtig, dass EKPs auf ganz verschiedene Weise analysiert werden können, z.B. mit der konventionellen EKP-Analyse, der Analyse im Zeit-Frequenz-Bereich, der Microstate Segmentierung und topografischen Analyse und der Analyse der Lokalisation von Geräuschquellen. Jede dieser Methoden liefert konkrete Informationen, und sie ergänzen sich gegenseitig. Wir wollen hier versuchen, die Aussagekraft einer Kombination verschiedener Methoden für die Untersuchung sensorischer Dysfunktion bei neuropsychiatrischen Störungen nachzuweisen. Zum Beispiel liefert der Vergleich der Daten eines an Schizophrenie leidenden Patienten mit einem gesunden Menschen gleichen Alters und Geschlechts ein Bild der Ereignisse, die nach der visuellen, propriozeptiven und simultanen Stimuluspräsentation in beiden Modalitäten auftreten. Dieser Ansatz ist zwar zeitintensiv, erlaubt aber eine Visualisierung der Veränderungen in einem nicht voll funktionsfähigen Gehirn und den Vergleich mit einem gesunden Gehirn. Diese Methoden könnten schließlich zu einer besseren Bestimmung eines oder mehrerer Endophänotypen für schizophrener Erkrankungen führen und ein Mittel sein, Veränderungen als Reaktion auf unterschiedliche Medikamente und Therapien nachvollziehbar zu machen.
Résumé
Il a été démontré que la dysfonction sensorielle fait partie de la physiopathologie de la schizophrénie. Nous avons aujourd’hui un outil objectif et non-invasif pour en mesurer les manifestations. Il s’agit des “potentiels évoqués cognitifs” (P.E.C.), qui correspondent à des modifications dans l’EEG, dus à des stimuli externes et qui nous donnent un répertoire objectif des informations traitées dans le cerveau humain. Il est à noter que les P.E.C. peuvent être analysés sous divers angles, telle l’analyse conventionnelle, l’analyse par les paramètres temps et fréquence, la technique de segmentation du signal et la cartographie, ainsi que l’analyse par localisation des sources. Chacune de ces méthodes donne des informations différentes et complémentaires. Nous tentons, ici, de vérifier la pertinence de combiner ces différentes approches afin d’étudier la dysfonction sensorielle dans les désordres neuropsychiatriques. Une expérience qui consiste à présenter simultanément des stimuli visuels et proprioceptifs à un patient schizophrène et à un sujet sain de même age et de même sexe produit une image des effets encourus et nous apporte ainsi certaines données. Cette approche, même si elle prend du temps, nous permet de visualiser toute variation provenant du cerveau atteint en comparaison avec le cerveau sain. En conséquence, ces méthodes pourraient nous amener à mieux établir un ou plusieurs endophénotypes des désordres schizophréniques. Elles pourraient également nous servir à dépister tout changement dans la réaction à diverses médications et thérapies.
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Acknowledgments
This study was financially supported by the Lundbeck Foundation, the Gangsted Foundation, the Novo Nordic Foundation, the Danish Research Council, and the Cirius and Gerbert Ruf Stiftung. We wish to thank Sv. Christoffersen and Ch. Tarrild for the proprioceptive stimulation apparatus and software development; Prof. Ch. Herrmann for pictures used in the visual classification task; M. Morup and Prof. Ch. Michel for their help with data analysis; and Prof. J. Parnas and Prof. O. Ruksenas for their comments on the study.
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Griskova, I., Arnfred, S.M. An electrophysiological approach to investigations of sensory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Poiesis Prax 6, 175–189 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10202-008-0063-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10202-008-0063-1