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⁶ Quine, W.V.O., ‘Natural Kinds’, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), 114–138Google Scholar, on 118. Note that after the first few pages, Quine drops the adjective ‘natural’ and writes of kind and kinds. One could propose this as the truly pragmatist way of speaking, a return to William James, as discussed in the next section.

⁷ Nur Narr! Nur Dichter! in F. Nietzsche, Dithyrambs of Dionysus, bilingual edition, translated by R. J. Hollingdale from Dionysos-Dithyramben (1891)Google Scholar, (London: Anvil Press, 1981, 22–27). Hollingdale translates bunt as gaudily or gaudy, as in ein Tier, ein listiges, raubendes, schleichendes, / das lügen muβ, / das wissentlich lügen muβ, / nach Beute lüstern, / bunt verlarvt —‘lusting for prey, gaudily masked’. Or Nur buntes redend — Talking only gaudy nonsense. I do not wish to argue with such a masterly translator, but would add that bunt above all is associated with varied bright colours, our bunting on festive sailboats. Joseph's cloak of many colours is bunt. It is the bright variety that I take from Nietzsche's bunt more than the gaudiness.

⁸ W. James, Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking (New York: Longmans Green 1907), 179.

⁹ Pellegrin, P., Aristotle's Classification of Animals: Biology and the Conceptual Classification of the Aristotelian Corpus, translated from the French of 1982 by Preuss, A. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986)Google Scholar. A subtle exposition of the earlier view, that Aristotle was groping for a taxonomy, is found in Lloyd, G. E. R., ‘The Development of Aristotle's Theory of the Classification of Animals’, Phronesis 6 (1961), 59–80.Google Scholar

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¹⁷ This insightful phrase comes from Michel Foucault, in the title of Chapter I, Part II of Folie et Déraison: Histoire de la folie à l'age classique, Paris: Plon, 1961Google Scholar. Finally translated as History of Madness (London: Routledge, 2006).Google Scholar

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²² Whewell, W., The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded upon Their History (London: Parker, 1847), I, 469Google Scholar. All quoted sentences are found in the first edition of 1840, but I cite the second because it is widely available while the 1840 edition is rare. Book VIII, ch. I, § 5, is headed Kinds, 469Google Scholar. The third and fourth quotations below are from pages 475 and 471 respectively.

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²⁷ 1838 is the date furnished by Robson, , ‘Textual Introduction’, Logic, lxvGoogle Scholar. It is not altogether clear that Mill used the actual word ‘kind’ before Whewell published.

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³¹ Hempel was working on confirmation on his arrival in the United States in 1941, publishing his first essay in Mind in 1945, followed by an essay specifically on the paradoxes in 1946. It may be relevant that the German translation of the Logic translated ‘crow’ by Rabe, rather than Krähe.

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⁴⁰ There is no obvious way to translate ‘natural kind’ into French. Genre naturel and espece naturelle were both used in the 1858 translation of Mill's Logic, once on the same page, but both make incomprehensible Mill's contrast between kinds on the one hand, and species and genus on the other. The translation of Quine used espece naturelle. The translators of Putnam and Kripke followed suit. Cournot wrote about genres naturels, but he did not mean natural kinds. He meant natural as opposed to artificial genera; he believed that the species in use in the biology of his day were natural, and that the question of artificiality arose chiefly for higher ranks, starting with genera. Thus Cournot was addressing what I called the ontological, rather than the descriptive, problem about taxonomy.

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⁵⁰ One of the most vigorous recent critiques is Laporte, J., Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change (Cambridge University Press, 2004)Google Scholar. It contains thorough references to thirty years of debate. A decade earlier T. E. Wilkerson, offering a modest essentialism, provided ample references in Natural Kinds (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995)Google Scholar, with an update, ‘Recent work: Natural kinds’ Philosophical Books 39 (1998): 225–233.Google Scholar

⁵¹ The same point was made long ago in Dupré, J., ‘Wilkerson on Natural Kinds’, Philosophy 64 (1989), 248–251CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Wilkerson modified his account in the light of the criticism.

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⁶⁹ Hacking, Ian, ‘A Tradition of Natural Kinds’, Philosophical Studies 61 (1991), 109–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar. My long-postponed book, The Tradition of Natural Kinds (forthcoming with Cambridge University Press), tells more about the dawn, treats the high noon of Kripke and Putnam in respectful detail, and moves on to the present twilight.