Casual Powers: A Theory of Natural Necessity

A. J. Ayer accidental universal action of causal analysis argument ascribe a power ascription assumption atmosphere atoms behaviour Boscovich causal powers causal production causal relation cause characterisation chemical elements claim conceived concept of power conceptual necessity constitution context contingent copper Corpuscularian course criterion distinction dynamite empirical entailment entity epistemic epistemology existence experience explanatory fact force fundamental generalisation hence Hume Hume's Humean hypothesis idea identity independent individual inductive inference intrinsic involved J. L. Mackie knowledge lawlike laws Leibniz logically possible logwood manifest matter mechanism metaphysical natural kinds natural necessity necessary connections nomic nominal essence notion objects ontological paradigm paradox perception Philosophy Philosophy of Science physical posteriori powerful particulars predicates principle problem problem of induction produce properties propositions rational real essence reason reference sense specific statements structure substance syntactical thing or material things and materials tion true truth ultimate universal