Abstract
This article investigates the factors affecting how public relations autonomy, legal dominance, and strategic orientation affect crisis communicative response in corporate contexts. Communication managers, crisis managers, public affairs managers, and/or public relations managers were solicited from Taiwan’s top 500 companies to participate in a survey. The results revealed that, in contrast to public relations autonomy being the strongest and sole predictor of concession strategy, legal dominance could predict defensive and diversionary responses in crisis events. The article concludes with a discussion of practical applications and theoretical implications.
References
Abemathy W. J., & K. B. Clark 1985. Innovation: Mapping the Winds of Creative Destruction. Research Policy, 14(1), 3–22. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(85)90021-6
Allen M. W., & R. H. Caillouet 1994. Legitimation Endeavors: Impression Management Strategies Used by an Organization. Communication Monographs, 61(1), 44–62
Barton L. 1993. Crisis in Organizations. (South-Western Publishing Company, Cincinnati, OH.)
Baucus M. S., & J. P. Near 1991. Can Illegal Corporate Behavior be Predicted? An Event History Analysis. The Academy of Management Journal, 34(1), 9–36. doi:10.2307/256300
Benoit W. L. 1995. Accounts, Excuses, Apologies: A Theory of Image Restoration Discourse. State University of New York Press, Albany
Bhattacharya C. B., & S. Sen, 2003. Consumer-Company Identification: A Framework for Understanding Consumers’ Relationships with Companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76–88. doi:10.1509/jmkg.67.2.76.18609
Bradford J. L., & D. E. Garrett, 1995. The Effectiveness of Corporate Communicative Responses to Accusations of Unethical Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 14(11), 875–892. doi:10.1007/BF00882067
Bromley D. B. 1993. Reputation, Image and Impression Management. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
Bronn P. S., & E. L. Olson 1999. Mapping the Strategic Thinking of Public Relations Managers in a Crisis Situation: An Illustrative Example Using Conjoint Analysis. Public Relations Review, 25(3), 351–368. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111(99)00023-5
Chiou, J. S., L. Y. Wu and J. S. Chen: 2001, Chan pin chih chih chi lai yuan kung hsing hsiang tui ku ko man yi tu chih ying hsiang: elaboration likelihood model chih li lun ying yung [The Influences of Product Knowledge and Country of Origin Image on Consumer Satisfaction: An Implication of Elaboration Likelihood Model]. Kuan li hsueh pao [Journal of Management], 18(2)
Chiu Y. S. 1998. Noncooperative Bargaining, Hostages, and Optimal Asset Ownership. American Economic Review, 35(4), 373–377
Coombs W. T. 1998. An Analytic Framework for Crisis Situations: Better Responses from a Better Understanding of the Situation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 10(3), 177–191. doi:10.1207/s1532754xjprr1003_02
Coombs W. T. 1999. Information and Compassion in Crisis Responses: A Test of Their Effects. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(2), 125–142. doi:10.1207/s1532754xjprr1102_02
Dutton J. E., & J. M. Dukerich (1991). Keeping an Eye on the Mirror: Image And Identity in Organizational Adaptation. The Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 517–554. doi:10.2307/256405
Eisenberg E. M., & H. L. Goodall 1997. Organizational Communication: Balancing Creativity and Constraint. (4th ed.). St. Martin’s Press, New York
Eisenberg E. M., & M. G. Witten 1987. Reconsidering Openness in Organizational Communication. The Academy of Management Review, 12(3), 418–426. doi:10.2307/258509
Fink, S.: 1986, Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable (American Management Association)
Fitzpatrick K. R., & M. S. Rubin 1995. Public Relations vs. Legal Strategies in Organizational Crisis Decisions. Public Relations Review, 21(1), 21–33. doi:10.1016/0363-8111(95)90037-3
Fomburn C. 1996. Reputation: Realizing Value from the Corporate Image. Harvard Business School, Cambridge, MA
Garrett D. E. 1987. The Effectiveness of Marketing Policy Boycotts: Environmental Opposition to Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 51(2), 46–57. doi:10.2307/1251128
Greiner, L. E. 1992. Resistance to Change During Restructuring. Journal of Management Inquiry, 1(1), 61–65. doi:10.1177/105649269211010
Grunig J. E. (1992). Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book. In Grunig J. E. (ed), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (pp. 1–30). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ
Hearit, K. M. 2006. Crisis Management by Apology: Corporate Responses to Allegations of Wrongdoing. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ
Hermann C. F. 1963. Some Consequences of Crisis Which Limit the Viability of Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 8(1), 61–82. doi:10.2307/2390887
Hill C. W. L., & T. M. Jones 1992. Stakeholder-Agency Theory. Journal of Management Studies, 29(2), 131–154. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00657.x
Hill C., L. Kelley, P. Agle, B. Hitt, & R. Hoskisson 1992. An Empirical Investigation of Corporate Wrongdoings in the United States. Human Relations, 45(10), 1055–1076. doi:10.1177/001872679204501003
Hoger E. A., & L. L. Swem 2000. Public Relations and the Law in Crisis Mode: Texaco’s Initial Reaction to Incriminating Tapes. Public Relations Review, 26(4), 425–45. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111(00)00057-6
Hoskisson R. E., & M. A. Hitt 1988. Strategic Control Systems and Relative R&D Investment in Large Multiproduct Firms. Strategic Management Journal, 9(6), 605–621. doi:10.1002/smj.4250090607
Huang Y. 2001. Values of Public Relations: Effects on Organization-Public Relationships Mediating Conflict Resolution. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13(4), 265–301. doi:10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1304_01
Huang Y. H. 2006. Crisis Situations, Communication Strategies, and Media Coverage: A Multicase Study Revisiting the Communicative Response Model. Communication Research, 33(3), 180–205. doi:10.1177/0093650206287077
Huang Y. H., Y. H. Lin, & S. H. Su 2005. Crisis Communicative Strategies: Category, Continuum, and Cultural Implication in Taiwan. Public Relations Review, 31(2), 229–238. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2005.02.016
Kang J. M. 1991. Optimum Subsidies for Education in Two-Sector Economies. Economics Letters, 35(4), 373–377. doi:10.1016/0165-1765(91)90005-6
Lee J., S. M. Jares, & R. L. Heath 1999. Decision-Making Encroachment and Cooperative Relationships Between Public Relations and Legal Counselors in the Management of Organizational Crisis. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(3), 243–270. doi:10.1207/s1532754xjprr1103_03
Lerbinger O. 1997. The Crisis Manager: Facing Risk and Responsibility. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ
Magid, G: 1995, ‘Balancing Legal and Reputational Issues in Crisis’, Reputation Management (November/December), 79–80
Marcus A. A., & R. S. Goodman 1991. Victims and Shareholders: The Dilemmas of Presenting Corporate Policy During a Crisis. The Academy of Management Journal, 34(2), 281–305. doi:10.2307/256443
Marra F. J. 1998. Crisis Communication Plans: Poor Predictors of Excellent Crisis Public Relations. Journal of Management Studies, 34(5), 769–791
Martinelli K. A., & W. Briggs 1998. Integrating Public Relations and Legal Responses During a Crisis: The Case of Odwalls, Inc. Public Relations Review, 24(4), 443–60. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111(99)80110-6
McLauglin M. L., M. J. Cody, & H. O’Hair 1983. The Management of Failure Events: Some Contextual Determinants of Accounting Behavior. Human Communication Research, 9(3), 208–224. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00695.x
Mitroff I. I., T. Pauchant, & P. Shrivastava 1988. The Structure of Man-Made Organizational Crisis: Conceptual and Empirical Issues in the Development of a General Theory of Crisis Management. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 33(3), 83–107. doi:10.1016/0040-1625(88)90075-3
Pfeiffer J 1989. The Secret of Life at the Limits: Cogs Become Big Wheels. Smithsonian, 20, 38–48
Reber B. H., F. Cropp, & G. T. Cameron 2001. Mythic Battles: Examining the Lawyer-Public Relations Counselor Dynamic. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13(3), 187–218. doi:10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1303_1
Roberts K. H. 1994. Functional and Dysfunctional Organizational Linkages. In Cooper C. L., Rousseau D. M. (eds), Trends in Organizational Behaviors (pp. 1–11). Wiley. New York
Seeger M. W. 1986. The Challenger Tragedy and Search for Legitimacy. Central States Speech Journal, 37(3), 147–157
Sellnow T. L. 1993. Scientific Argument in Organizational Crisis Communication: The Case of Exxon. Argumentation and Advocacy, 30(1), 28–42
Sellnow T. L., & R. R. Ulmer (1995). Ambiguous Argument as Advocacy in Organizational Crisis Communication. Argumentation and Advocacy, 31(3), 138–150
Sheaffer Z., & R. Mano-Negrin 2003. Executives’ Orientations as Indicators of Crisis Management Policies and Practices. Journal of Management Studies, 40(2), 573–606
Sheaffer Z., B. Richardson, & Z. Rosenblatt 1998. Early Warning Signals Management: A Lesson from the Barings Crisis. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 6(1), 1–23. doi:10.1111/1468-5973.00064
Shrivastava P. 1994. The Evolution of Research on Technological Crises in the U.S. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 2(1), 10–20. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.1994.tb00022.x
Shrivastava P., I. I. Mitroff, D. Miller, & A. Miglani 1988. Understanding Industrial Crises. Journal of Management Studies, 25(4), 285–303. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1988.tb00038.x
Sillince J. A. A. 2002. A Model of the Strength and Appropriateness of Argumentation in Organizational Contexts. Journal of Management Studies, 39(5), 585–618. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00001
Siomkos G., & P. Shrivastava 1993. Responding to Product Liability Crises. Long Range Planning, 26(5), 72–79. doi:10.1016/0024-6301(93)90079-U
Staw B. M., L. E. Sandelands, & J. E. Dutton 1981. Threat Rigidity Effects in Organizational Behavior: A Multilevel Analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(4), 501–524. doi:10.2307/2392337
Strong K. C., R. C. Ringer, & S. A. Taylor 2001. The Rules of Stakeholder Satisfaction (Timeliness, Honesty, Empathy). Journal of Business Ethics, 32(3), 219–230. doi:10.1023/A:1010714703936
Su, S. H.: 2002, An Exploratory Study of Corporate Crisis Communication. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Taipei, Shi-hsin University
Tsui A. S., J. L. Pearce, L. W. Porter, & A. M. Tripoli 1997. Alternative Approaches to the Employee-Organization Relationship: Does Investment in Employees Pay Off? The Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1089–1121. doi:10.2307/256928
Tushman M. L., & C. A. O’Reilly 1996. Ambidextrous Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change. California Management Review, 38(4), 8–30
Tushman M. L., W. H. Newman, & E. Romanelli 1986. Convergence and Upheaval: Managing the Unsteady Pace of Organizational Evolution. California Management Review, 29(1), 29–44
Ulmer R. R., & T. L. Sellnow 2000. Consistent Questions of Ambiguity in Organizational Crisis Communication: Jack in the Box as a Case Study. Journal of Business Ethics, 25(2), 143–155. doi:10.1023/A:1006183805499
Weick, K. E. 1988. Enacted Sensemaking in Crisis Situations. Journal of Management Studies, 25(4), 305–317. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1988.tb00039.x
Williams M. L., & B. Goss 1975. Equivocation: Character Insurance. Human Communication Research, 1, 265–270. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00273.x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, YH., Su, SH. Public Relations Autonomy, Legal Dominance, and Strategic Orientation as Predictors of Crisis Communicative Strategies. J Bus Ethics 86, 29–41 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9791-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9791-3