Skip to main content
Log in

Public Relations Autonomy, Legal Dominance, and Strategic Orientation as Predictors of Crisis Communicative Strategies

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article investigates the factors affecting how public relations autonomy, legal dominance, and strategic orientation affect crisis communicative response in corporate contexts. Communication managers, crisis managers, public affairs managers, and/or public relations managers were solicited from Taiwan’s top 500 companies to participate in a survey. The results revealed that, in contrast to public relations autonomy being the strongest and sole predictor of concession strategy, legal dominance could predict defensive and diversionary responses in crisis events. The article concludes with a discussion of practical applications and theoretical implications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abemathy W. J., & K. B. Clark 1985. Innovation: Mapping the Winds of Creative Destruction. Research Policy, 14(1), 3–22. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(85)90021-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen M. W., & R. H. Caillouet 1994. Legitimation Endeavors: Impression Management Strategies Used by an Organization. Communication Monographs, 61(1), 44–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton L. 1993. Crisis in Organizations. (South-Western Publishing Company, Cincinnati, OH.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baucus M. S., & J. P. Near 1991. Can Illegal Corporate Behavior be Predicted? An Event History Analysis. The Academy of Management Journal, 34(1), 9–36. doi:10.2307/256300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benoit W. L. 1995. Accounts, Excuses, Apologies: A Theory of Image Restoration Discourse. State University of New York Press, Albany

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya C. B., & S. Sen, 2003. Consumer-Company Identification: A Framework for Understanding Consumers’ Relationships with Companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76–88. doi:10.1509/jmkg.67.2.76.18609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford J. L., & D. E. Garrett, 1995. The Effectiveness of Corporate Communicative Responses to Accusations of Unethical Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 14(11), 875–892. doi:10.1007/BF00882067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromley D. B. 1993. Reputation, Image and Impression Management. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronn P. S., & E. L. Olson 1999. Mapping the Strategic Thinking of Public Relations Managers in a Crisis Situation: An Illustrative Example Using Conjoint Analysis. Public Relations Review, 25(3), 351–368. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111(99)00023-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiou, J. S., L. Y. Wu and J. S. Chen: 2001, Chan pin chih chih chi lai yuan kung hsing hsiang tui ku ko man yi tu chih ying hsiang: elaboration likelihood model chih li lun ying yung [The Influences of Product Knowledge and Country of Origin Image on Consumer Satisfaction: An Implication of Elaboration Likelihood Model]. Kuan li hsueh pao [Journal of Management], 18(2)

  • Chiu Y. S. 1998. Noncooperative Bargaining, Hostages, and Optimal Asset Ownership. American Economic Review, 35(4), 373–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Coombs W. T. 1998. An Analytic Framework for Crisis Situations: Better Responses from a Better Understanding of the Situation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 10(3), 177–191. doi:10.1207/s1532754xjprr1003_02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coombs W. T. 1999. Information and Compassion in Crisis Responses: A Test of Their Effects. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(2), 125–142. doi:10.1207/s1532754xjprr1102_02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutton J. E., & J. M. Dukerich (1991). Keeping an Eye on the Mirror: Image And Identity in Organizational Adaptation. The Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 517–554. doi:10.2307/256405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg E. M., & H. L. Goodall 1997. Organizational Communication: Balancing Creativity and Constraint. (4th ed.). St. Martin’s Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg E. M., & M. G. Witten 1987. Reconsidering Openness in Organizational Communication. The Academy of Management Review, 12(3), 418–426. doi:10.2307/258509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fink, S.: 1986, Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable (American Management Association)

  • Fitzpatrick K. R., & M. S. Rubin 1995. Public Relations vs. Legal Strategies in Organizational Crisis Decisions. Public Relations Review, 21(1), 21–33. doi:10.1016/0363-8111(95)90037-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fomburn C. 1996. Reputation: Realizing Value from the Corporate Image. Harvard Business School, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett D. E. 1987. The Effectiveness of Marketing Policy Boycotts: Environmental Opposition to Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 51(2), 46–57. doi:10.2307/1251128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greiner, L. E. 1992. Resistance to Change During Restructuring. Journal of Management Inquiry, 1(1), 61–65. doi:10.1177/105649269211010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grunig J. E. (1992). Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book. In Grunig J. E. (ed), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (pp. 1–30). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearit, K. M. 2006. Crisis Management by Apology: Corporate Responses to Allegations of Wrongdoing. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermann C. F. 1963. Some Consequences of Crisis Which Limit the Viability of Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 8(1), 61–82. doi:10.2307/2390887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill C. W. L., & T. M. Jones 1992. Stakeholder-Agency Theory. Journal of Management Studies, 29(2), 131–154. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00657.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill C., L. Kelley, P. Agle, B. Hitt, & R. Hoskisson 1992. An Empirical Investigation of Corporate Wrongdoings in the United States. Human Relations, 45(10), 1055–1076. doi:10.1177/001872679204501003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoger E. A., & L. L. Swem 2000. Public Relations and the Law in Crisis Mode: Texaco’s Initial Reaction to Incriminating Tapes. Public Relations Review, 26(4), 425–45. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111(00)00057-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoskisson R. E., & M. A. Hitt 1988. Strategic Control Systems and Relative R&D Investment in Large Multiproduct Firms. Strategic Management Journal, 9(6), 605–621. doi:10.1002/smj.4250090607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y. 2001. Values of Public Relations: Effects on Organization-Public Relationships Mediating Conflict Resolution. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13(4), 265–301. doi:10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1304_01

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y. H. 2006. Crisis Situations, Communication Strategies, and Media Coverage: A Multicase Study Revisiting the Communicative Response Model. Communication Research, 33(3), 180–205. doi:10.1177/0093650206287077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y. H., Y. H. Lin, & S. H. Su 2005. Crisis Communicative Strategies: Category, Continuum, and Cultural Implication in Taiwan. Public Relations Review, 31(2), 229–238. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2005.02.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang J. M. 1991. Optimum Subsidies for Education in Two-Sector Economies. Economics Letters, 35(4), 373–377. doi:10.1016/0165-1765(91)90005-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee J., S. M. Jares, & R. L. Heath 1999. Decision-Making Encroachment and Cooperative Relationships Between Public Relations and Legal Counselors in the Management of Organizational Crisis. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(3), 243–270. doi:10.1207/s1532754xjprr1103_03

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerbinger O. 1997. The Crisis Manager: Facing Risk and Responsibility. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Magid, G: 1995, ‘Balancing Legal and Reputational Issues in Crisis’, Reputation Management (November/December), 79–80

  • Marcus A. A., & R. S. Goodman 1991. Victims and Shareholders: The Dilemmas of Presenting Corporate Policy During a Crisis. The Academy of Management Journal, 34(2), 281–305. doi:10.2307/256443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marra F. J. 1998. Crisis Communication Plans: Poor Predictors of Excellent Crisis Public Relations. Journal of Management Studies, 34(5), 769–791

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinelli K. A., & W. Briggs 1998. Integrating Public Relations and Legal Responses During a Crisis: The Case of Odwalls, Inc. Public Relations Review, 24(4), 443–60. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111(99)80110-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLauglin M. L., M. J. Cody, & H. O’Hair 1983. The Management of Failure Events: Some Contextual Determinants of Accounting Behavior. Human Communication Research, 9(3), 208–224. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00695.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitroff I. I., T. Pauchant, & P. Shrivastava 1988. The Structure of Man-Made Organizational Crisis: Conceptual and Empirical Issues in the Development of a General Theory of Crisis Management. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 33(3), 83–107. doi:10.1016/0040-1625(88)90075-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer J 1989. The Secret of Life at the Limits: Cogs Become Big Wheels. Smithsonian, 20, 38–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Reber B. H., F. Cropp, & G. T. Cameron 2001. Mythic Battles: Examining the Lawyer-Public Relations Counselor Dynamic. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13(3), 187–218. doi:10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1303_1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts K. H. 1994. Functional and Dysfunctional Organizational Linkages. In Cooper C. L., Rousseau D. M. (eds), Trends in Organizational Behaviors (pp. 1–11). Wiley. New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeger M. W. 1986. The Challenger Tragedy and Search for Legitimacy. Central States Speech Journal, 37(3), 147–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellnow T. L. 1993. Scientific Argument in Organizational Crisis Communication: The Case of Exxon. Argumentation and Advocacy, 30(1), 28–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellnow T. L., & R. R. Ulmer (1995). Ambiguous Argument as Advocacy in Organizational Crisis Communication. Argumentation and Advocacy, 31(3), 138–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheaffer Z., & R. Mano-Negrin 2003. Executives’ Orientations as Indicators of Crisis Management Policies and Practices. Journal of Management Studies, 40(2), 573–606

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheaffer Z., B. Richardson, & Z. Rosenblatt 1998. Early Warning Signals Management: A Lesson from the Barings Crisis. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 6(1), 1–23. doi:10.1111/1468-5973.00064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrivastava P. 1994. The Evolution of Research on Technological Crises in the U.S. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 2(1), 10–20. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.1994.tb00022.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrivastava P., I. I. Mitroff, D. Miller, & A. Miglani 1988. Understanding Industrial Crises. Journal of Management Studies, 25(4), 285–303. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1988.tb00038.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sillince J. A. A. 2002. A Model of the Strength and Appropriateness of Argumentation in Organizational Contexts. Journal of Management Studies, 39(5), 585–618. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siomkos G., & P. Shrivastava 1993. Responding to Product Liability Crises. Long Range Planning, 26(5), 72–79. doi:10.1016/0024-6301(93)90079-U

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staw B. M., L. E. Sandelands, & J. E. Dutton 1981. Threat Rigidity Effects in Organizational Behavior: A Multilevel Analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(4), 501–524. doi:10.2307/2392337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strong K. C., R. C. Ringer, & S. A. Taylor 2001. The Rules of Stakeholder Satisfaction (Timeliness, Honesty, Empathy). Journal of Business Ethics, 32(3), 219–230. doi:10.1023/A:1010714703936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, S. H.: 2002, An Exploratory Study of Corporate Crisis Communication. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Taipei, Shi-hsin University

  • Tsui A. S., J. L. Pearce, L. W. Porter, & A. M. Tripoli 1997. Alternative Approaches to the Employee-Organization Relationship: Does Investment in Employees Pay Off? The Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1089–1121. doi:10.2307/256928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tushman M. L., & C. A. O’Reilly 1996. Ambidextrous Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change. California Management Review, 38(4), 8–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Tushman M. L., W. H. Newman, & E. Romanelli 1986. Convergence and Upheaval: Managing the Unsteady Pace of Organizational Evolution. California Management Review, 29(1), 29–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmer R. R., & T. L. Sellnow 2000. Consistent Questions of Ambiguity in Organizational Crisis Communication: Jack in the Box as a Case Study. Journal of Business Ethics, 25(2), 143–155. doi:10.1023/A:1006183805499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. E. 1988. Enacted Sensemaking in Crisis Situations. Journal of Management Studies, 25(4), 305–317. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1988.tb00039.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams M. L., & B. Goss 1975. Equivocation: Character Insurance. Human Communication Research, 1, 265–270. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00273.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yi-Hui Huang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Huang, YH., Su, SH. Public Relations Autonomy, Legal Dominance, and Strategic Orientation as Predictors of Crisis Communicative Strategies. J Bus Ethics 86, 29–41 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9791-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9791-3

Keywords

Navigation