Skip to main content
Log in

Born of Resentment: Yuan 怨 in Early Confucian Thought

  • Published:
Dao Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This essay explores the positive aspects of resentment in early Confucian thought. Specifically, it argues that from an early Confucian perspective, resentment (yuan 怨) is a frustration or anger that occurs when those close to us withhold their care or when they otherwise injure us. Stated succinctly, resentment is a result of frustrated desire for affection. It is a sign that we require the care of significant others, and that we are vulnerable to their concern or neglect. When understood appropriately, resentment signals genuine recognition of meaningful relationships; it is a sign that we are affected by those that ought to matter to us. Importantly, resentment has a creative dimension in that it can lead to the production of literature aimed to channel frustrated desire toward realizing the Confucian dao 道. These texts work to connect the author’s resentment with the reader’s possibility of remaking the world in a way desired by the author.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ames, Roger T. 2011. Confucian Role Ethics: A Vocabulary. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

  • Analects, A Concordance to 論語逐字索引. 1995. Edited by D. C. Lau 劉殿爵, Ho Che Wah 何志華, and Chen Fong Ching 陳方正. Hong Kong 香港: Shangwu Yinshuguan 商務印書館.

  • Ashmore, Robert. 2010. The Transport of Reading: Text and Understanding in the World of Tao Qian (365–427). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Baxter, William H., and Laurent Sagart. 2014. “Addendum to Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).” http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu.

  • Behuniak, James. 2005. Mencius on Becoming Human. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, E. Bruce, and A. Taeko Brooks. 1998. The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Ning. 1997. “The Concept of Fate in Mencius.” Philosophy East and West 47.4: 495–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Defoort, Carine. 2009–2010. “A Homeless Dog: Li Ling’s Understanding of Confucius.” Contemporary Chinese Thought 41.2: 3–11.

  • Durrant, Stephen W. 1995. The Cloudy Mirror: Tension and Conflict in the Writings of Sima Qian. Albany: State University of New York Press.

  • Eno, Robert. 1990. The Confucian Creation of Heaven: Philosophy and the Defense of Ritual Mastery. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han’s Outer Commentary on the Book of Poems, A Concordance to 韓詩外傳逐字索引. 1992. Edited by D. C. Lau 劉殿爵. Taipei 台北: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan 台灣商務印 書館.

  • Ing, Michael D. K. 2015. “Review of Heaven and Earth are not Humane: The Problem of Evil in Classical Chinese Philosophy by Franklin Perkins.” Frontiers of Philosophy in China 10.1: 153–158

  • Ivanhoe, Philip J. 1988. “A Question of Faith.” Early China 13: 153–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlgren, Bernhard. 1957. Grammata Serica Recensa. Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kongzi Jiayu (Kongzi Family Sayings), A Concordance to 孔子家語逐字索引. 1992. Edited by D. C. Lau 劉殿爵. Taipei 台北: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan 台灣商務印書館.

  • Legge, James. Trans. 1971. The Four Books. Taipei 台北: Yishi Chubanshe 義士出版社.

  • Li, Ling 李零. 2007. A Homeless Dog: My Reading of the Analects 喪家狗: 我讀論語. Shanxi 山西: Shanxi Renmin Chubanshe 山西人民出版社.

  • ____. 2008. Get Rid of the Sage and then Discover the Real Kongzi: A Vertical and Horizontal Reading of the Analects 去聖乃得真孔子: 論語縱橫讀. Beijing 北京: Sanlian Shudian 三聯書店.

  • Ma, Teying 馬特盈, ed. 1987. Records of the Historian with Modern Commentary 史記今註. Taipei 台北: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan 台灣商務印書館.

  • Mengzi, A Concordance to the 孟子逐字索引. 1995. Edited by D. C. Lau 劉殿爵, Ho Che Wah 何志華, and Chen Fong Ching 陳方正. Hong Kong 香港: Shangwu Yinshuguan 商務印書館.

  • Nelson, Eric S. 2013. “Recognition and Resentment in the Confucian Analects.” Journal of Chinese Philosophy 40.2: 287–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olberding, Amy. 2013. “Confucius’ Complaints and the Analects’ Account of the Good Life.” Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy 12.4: 417–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com/ (accessed 1/15/15).

  • Perkins, Franklin. 2014. Heaven and Earth are not Humane: The Problem of Evil in Classical Chinese Philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puett, Michael J. 2001. The Ambivalence of Creation: Debates Concerning Innovation and Artifice in Early China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ____. 2005. “Following the Commands of Heaven: The Notion of Ming in Early China.” In The Magnitude of Ming: Command, Allotment, and Fate in Chinese Culture, edited by Christopher Lupke. Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press.

  • Ruan, Yuan 阮元. 1977. The Thirteen Classics with Commentary and Sub-commentary 十三經注疏. Taipei 台北: Dahua Shuju 大化書局.

  • Schneider, Laurence A. 1980. A Madman of Ch’u: The Chinese Myth of Loyalty and Dissent. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuessler, Axel. 2007. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, Benjamin I. 1985. The World of Thought in Ancient China. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slingerland, Edward. Trans. 2003. Confucius: Analects. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company.

  • Sukhu, Gopal. 2012. The Shaman and the Heresiarch: A New Interpretation of the Li sao. Albany: State University of New York Press.

  • Teng, Zhixian 滕志賢. 2011. A Reader and New Interpretation of the Book of Poems 新譯詩經讀本. Taipei 台北市: Sanmin Shuju 三民書局.

  • Walker, Galal. 1982. “Toward a Formal History of the Chuci.” Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.

  • Walker, Margaret Urban. 2006. Moral Repair: Reconstructing Moral Relations after Wrongdoing. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Bing 徐冰. 2014. “The Resentment of Filial Care and the Foundation of the Theory that Human Nature is Good 孝之怨與性善論的基礎.” Trends in Philosophy 哲學動態 12: 46–51.

  • Xu, Shen 許慎. 2004. Explaining and Analyzing Characters 說文解字. Beijing 北京: Zhonghua Shuju 中華書局.

  • Xunzi, A Concordance to the 荀子逐字索引. 1996. Edited by D. C. Lau 劉殿爵. Hong Kong 香港: Shangwu Yinshuguan 商務印書館.

  • Zhang, Maoze. 2011. “Confucius’ Transformation of Traditional Religious Ideas.” Frontiers of Philosophy in China 6.1: 20–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Yunfei 張雲飛. 2010. “The Sentiments of the Sage—An Analysis and Explanation of the Phrase ‘Sangjia Zhi Gou’ 聖者情懷——‘喪家之狗’ 試解.” Studying Kongzi 孔子研究 4: 40–48.

  • Zhao, Wu 趙武. 2013. “An Explanation and Interpretation of ‘Sangjiagou’ ‘喪家狗’ 說解.” Journal of the Humanities 人文雜誌 3: 19–25.

  • Zhu, Xi 朱熹. 2005. A Line-by-Line Annotation and Commentary on The Four Books 四書章句集注. Beijing 北京: Zhonghua Shuju 中華書局.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael D. K. Ing.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ing, M.D.K. Born of Resentment: Yuan 怨 in Early Confucian Thought. Dao 15, 19–33 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11712-015-9472-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11712-015-9472-8

Keywords

Navigation