이 논문은 정인보의 저작 『陽明學演論』(이하 演論)에 주목하여 이 책 속에서 정인보가 어떻게 중국 명말청초기의 지식인들을 인식하고 평가했는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 1933년 정인보는 해박한 양명학에 관한 지식을 가지고 동아일보에 『演論』을 게재한다. 이 『演論』은 민족주의 사학자이면서 동시에 국학 연구자로서 왕성한 활동을 하던 시기에 집필한 것으로 국민의식 고취라는 사명을 담은 저작이었다. 따라서 『演論』에 보이는 양명학의 전개과정은 다름 아닌 ‘양명학 정신의 전개사’ 혹은 ‘양명학 정신사’였다고 볼 수 있다. 이 논문에서 다룬 제5장 「陽明門徒 及 繼起한 諸賢」이 바로 그러한 특징을 확연히 보여주고 있는데, 양명학의 실천정신과 ‘절의(節義)’는 정인보가 중국 명말청초기의 지식인들을 이해하고 인식하는 두 가지 핵심코드였다. 그 때문에 제5장에 한정해서 보면, 사상적 내용이나 학문 방법상의 문제에 초점을 맞추었기 보다는 그들의 삶의 에피소드가 더욱 부각되고 있다. 삶의 에피소드도 일상생활에서의 삶의 태도는 물론이고 망국의 위기에 처한 지식인이 마땅히 행해야 할 모범으로서 ‘節義’에 중점을 두고 있는 것이다. 여기에는 민족적 위기의 시대에 실천하고 행동하는 지식인의 출현을 갈망한 정인보의 소망이 담겨있다고도 볼 수 있다.
그래서 이 논문은 『演論』의 전체 내용 가운데 제5장 「陽明門徒 及 繼起한 諸賢」을 실마리로 하여 거기에서 정인보가 논평을 가한 중국 명말청초기의 유자들, 즉 중국 근세사상사에서 주자학과 양명학을 통합하고 절충하려고 시도했던 대표적 유자인 유종주와 두 명의 문인 및 황종희(黃宗羲, 1610-1695), 손기봉(孫奇逢, 1584-1675), 이옹(李顒, 1627-1705) 등에 초점을 맞춰 이들에 대한 정인보의 이해와 인식의 양상을 탐구한 것이다. 이 논문의 구성은 전체 4장으로 되어있으며, 제1장에서는 문제제기와 함께 논문 전체의 방향성을 제시하였다. 본론으로 들어가 제2장의 첫 번째에서는 『연론』 제5장의 구성과 그 의의에 관해 분석하였고 두 번째는 정인보의 언설을 근거로 하여 구체적으로 유종주상(像)과 그 문인(門人)들에 대한 이해를 검토하였다. 본론의 제3장에서는 명말청초의 삼대유(三大儒)로 불리는 손기봉과 황종희 및 이옹에 대해 집중적으로 논의하면서 그 이해와 인식의 단서로서 그들의 인생과 학문의 배경에 존재했던 양명학 정신과 ‘절의(節義)’와 ‘충절(忠節)’이라는 것을 지적하였다.
This study was intended to examine how Jeong In-bo recognized and evaluated the intellectuals of late Ming Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty China through Yangmyeonghak-yeonron (陽明學演論) written by Jeong In-bo. In 1933, Jeong In-bo had knowledge about Yang-ming Studies and published the Yangmyeonghak-yeonron in DongA Ilbo. This Yangmyeonghak-yeonron was written at the period when Jeong In-bo actively worked as a nationalist historian and a scholar of Korean literature, and contained a mission of arousing national consciousness. Accordingly, the process of Yang-ming Studies in Yang-ming Yeonrok can be considered as ‘the history of Yang-ming Studies spirit development’ or ‘the history of Yang-ming Studies spirit’. Chapter 5 of this book 「Yang-ming scholars and post Yang-ming scholars」 mentions the characteristics clearly. A practice spirit and a fidelity to principle in Yang-ming studies were two main codes that enabled Jeong In-bo to understand and recognize the intellectuals of late Ming Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty China. Because of it, in Chapter 5, these scholars’ life episodes not focusing on the ideological contents or the learning method are more emphasized. The life episodes are focused on the fidelity to principle as a model that the intellectuals who are in danger of national ruin must follow as well as an attitude of life in a daily life. It seems to contain the desire of Jeong In-bo who had an aspiration for an appearance of the intellectual who could practice and behave at the period of national crisis. Thus, this study examines an aspect of Jeong In-bo’s understanding and recognition on the Confucian scholars of ate Ming Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty China that Jeong In-bo criticized in the Chapter 5 out of the full contents of Yangmyeonghak-yeonron, including the representative Confucian scholar ‘Liu Zong-zhou’ (劉宗周, 1578-1645), two scholars, Huang Zong-xi(黃宗羲, 1610-1695), Sun Qi-feng(孫奇逢, 1584-1675), and Li Yong(李顒, 1627-1705) who attempted to integrate and compromise Chu-hsi Studies and Yang-ming Studies in the history of China’s history of modern thought. This paper is composed of four chapters. Chapter 1 presented problems and a direction of the paper. The first part of Chapter 2 analyzed a structure and significance of Chapter 5 of 『Yangmyeonghak-yeonron』, and the second part of Chapter 2 reviewed the understanding on the image of Yu Chong Ju and scholars based on the theory of Jeong In-bo. Chapter 3 intensively discussed Sun Qi-feng, Huang Zong-xi, and Li Yong, called ‘three Confucian scholars of late Ming Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty China, and indicated that a clue of the understanding and recognition was the spirit of Yang-ming studies which existed in their life and academic background, and ‘the fidelity to principle’ and ‘loyalty’.
This study was intended to examine how Jeong In-bo recognized and evaluated the intellectuals of late Ming Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty China through Yangmyeonghak-yeonron (陽明學演論) written by Jeong In-bo. In 1933, Jeong In-bo had knowledge about Yang-ming Studies and published the Yangmyeonghak-yeonron in DongA Ilbo. This Yangmyeonghak-yeonron was written at the period when Jeong In-bo actively worked as a nationalist historian and a scholar of Korean literature, and contained a mission of arousing national consciousness. Accordingly, the process of Yang-ming Studies in Yang-ming Yeonrok can be considered as ‘the history of Yang-ming Studies spirit development’ or ‘the history of Yang-ming Studies spirit’. Chapter 5 of this book 「Yang-ming scholars and post Yang-ming scholars」 mentions the characteristics clearly. A practice spirit and a fidelity to principle in Yang-ming studies were two main codes that enabled Jeong In-bo to understand and recognize the intellectuals of late Ming Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty China. Because of it, in Chapter 5, these scholars’ life episodes not focusing on the ideological contents or the learning method are more emphasized. The life episodes are focused on the fidelity to principle as a model that the intellectuals who are in danger of national ruin must follow as well as an attitude of life in a daily life. It seems to contain the desire of Jeong In-bo who had an aspiration for an appearance of the intellectual who could practice and behave at the period of national crisis. Thus, this study examines an aspect of Jeong In-bo’s understanding and recognition on the Confucian scholars of ate Ming Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty China that Jeong In-bo criticized in the Chapter 5 out of the full contents of Yangmyeonghak-yeonron, including the representative Confucian scholar ‘Liu Zong-zhou’ (劉宗周, 1578-1645), two scholars, Huang Zong-xi(黃宗羲, 1610-1695), Sun Qi-feng(孫奇逢, 1584-1675), and Li Yong(李顒, 1627-1705) who attempted to integrate and compromise Chu-hsi Studies and Yang-ming Studies in the history of China’s history of modern thought. This paper is composed of four chapters. Chapter 1 presented problems and a direction of the paper. The first part of Chapter 2 analyzed a structure and significance of Chapter 5 of 『Yangmyeonghak-yeonron』, and the second part of Chapter 2 reviewed the understanding on the image of Yu Chong Ju and scholars based on the theory of Jeong In-bo. Chapter 3 intensively discussed Sun Qi-feng, Huang Zong-xi, and Li Yong, called ‘three Confucian scholars of late Ming Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty China, and indicated that a clue of the understanding and recognition was the spirit of Yang-ming studies which existed in their life and academic background, and ‘the fidelity to principle’ and ‘loyalty’.
