Skip to main content
Log in

Culture and engineering in the USA and Japan

  • Original Article
  • Published:
AI & SOCIETY Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Comparisons of Japan with Western countries have long been used to explore the relationship between technology and culture. In the 1950s and 1960s such work sought to determine if technological imperatives were diminishing cultural differences. In the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s many sought to identify aspects of Japanese culture that might lie at the root of Japan’s technological successes. This article argues that we should now undertake more micro and more systematic comparative studies that are more directly grounded in theory. Studies concentrating on engineers and the practice of engineering would seem to be an especially promising starting point.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abegglen J (1958) The Japanese factory. Free Press, Glencoe, IL

  • Abegglen J, Stalk G (1985) Kaisha. Basic Books, New York

  • Abetti P (1994) Impact of technology on functional roles and strategies: illustrative cases in the USA, Japan and France, and lessons learned. Int J Technol Manage 9:529–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Aoki M (1988) Information, incentives, and bargaining in the Japanese economy. Cambridge University Press, New York

  • Aryee S, Leong CC (1991) Career orientation and work outcomes among industrial R&D professionals. Gr Org Stud 16(2):193–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjiker WE (1987) The social construction of Baekelite: towards a theory of social invention. In: Bjiker WE, Hughes T and Pinch TJ (eds) The social construction of technological systems, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

  • Bond MH, Hofstede G (1990) The cash value of Confucian values. In: Clegg SR, Redding G (eds) Capitalism in contrasting cultures, de Gruyter, Berlin

  • Campbell J (1995) Culture, innovative borrowing, and technology management. In: Liker J, Ettlie JE and Campbell JC (eds) Engineered in Japan, Oxford University Press, New York

  • Clark K, Fujimoto T (1989) Lead time in automobile product development: explaining the Japanese advantage. J Engin Technol Manage 6(1):25–58

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Clark K, Fujimoto T (1991) Product development performance. Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA

  • Clegg SR, Redding SG (eds) (1990) Capitalism in contrasting cultures. de Gruyter, Berlin

  • Cole RE (1971) Japanese blue collar. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA

  • Cole RE (1973) Functional alternatives and economic development: an empirical example of permanent employment in Japan. Amer Sociol Rev 38:424–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole RE (1978) The late developer hypothesis: an evaluation of its relevance for Japanese employment practices. J Japan Stud 4:247–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole RE (1989) Strategies for learning. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA

  • Cole RE (1999) Managing quality fads: how American business learned to play the quality game. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cusumano MA, Takeishi A (1991) Supplier relations and management: a survey of Japanese, Japanese-transplant, and U.S. auto plants. Strat Manage J 12:563–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Dertouzos M, Lester R, Solow R and MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity (1989) Made in America: regaining the productive edge. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Dore R (1973) British factory-Japanese factory. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA

  • Dowlatshahl S (1996). An empirical assessment of continuing education needs. J Manage Engin 12(5):37–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duke B (1986) The Japanese school: lessons for industrial America. Praeger, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Earley PC (1993) East meets West meets Mideast: further explorations of collectivistic and individualistic work groups. Acad Manage J 36(2):319–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey J, Finan W (1991) Engineering education in Japan: a career-long process. Engin Educ 81:66–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Funk J (1992) The teamwork advantage: an inside look at Japanese product and technology development. Productivity Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerpott T, Domsch M and Keller R (1988) Career orientations in different countries and companies: an empirical investigation of West German, British and U.S. industrial R&D professionals. J Manage Stud 25(5):439–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Grayson L (1987a) Technology in Japan: advancing the frontiers. Engin Educ 4/5:687–696

  • Grayson L (1987b) Japan’s intellectual challenge. In: Christensen D (ed) Engineering excellence, IEEE Press, New York

  • Hall ET, Hall MR (1987) Hidden differences. Anchor Books, New York

  • Harrison GL, McKinnon JL, Wu A and Chow CW (2000) Cultural influences on adaptations to fluid work groups and teams. J Int Busin Stud 31(3):489–505

    Google Scholar 

  • Helper S, Sako M (1995). Supplier relations in Japan and the United States: are they converging? Sloan Manage R 36:77–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede G (1980) Culture’s consequences. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA

  • Hofstede G (1993) Cultural constraints in management theories. Acad Manage Exec 7(1):81–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede G (1997) Cultures and organizations: software of the mind. McGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull F, Azumi K (1989) Teamwork in Japanese and U.S. labs. Res Technol Manage 32:21–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull F, Hage J and Azumi K (1985) R&D management strategies: America versus Japan. IEEE Trans Engin Manage EM-32(2):78–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman H (1991) Continuing education for Japanese engineers is in-house and on the job. Engin Educ 7/8:473

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim Y, Cha J (2000) Career orientations of R&D professionals in Korea. R&D Manage 30(2):121–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinmouth E (1991) Japanese engineers and American myth makers. Pacif Aff 64(3):328–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusunoki K, Numagami T (1998) Interfunctional transfers of engineers in Japan: empirical findings and implications for cross-functional integration. IEEE Trans Engin Manage 45(3):250–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lam A (1996) Engineers, management and work organization: a comparative analysis of engineers’ work roles in British and Japanese electronics firms. J Manage Stud 33(2):183–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederman L (1994) Strategies among some nations: France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Pol Stud J 22:279–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Liker J, Ettlie J and Campbell J (eds) (1995) Engineered in Japan: Japanese technology-management practices. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Liker J, Fruin NM, and Adler P (1999) Remade in America: transplanting and transforming Japanese management systems. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn LH (1991) Cultural differences and the management of engineering in U.S.-Japanese joint ventures. In: Proceedings of PICMET ‘91, Portland, Oregon, October 1991

  • Lynn LH (2000) Technology competition policies and the semiconductor industries of Japan and the United States: a fifty-year retrospective. IEEE Trans Engin Manage 47:200–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn LH, Piehler H and Zahray W (1989) Engineering graduates in the United States and Japan: a comparison of their numbers, and empirical study of their careers and methods of information transfer. Carnegie-Mellon University Press, Pittsburgh, PA

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn LH, Piehler H and Kieler M (1993) Engineering careers, job rotation and gatekeepers in Japan and the United States. J Engin Technol Manage 10:53–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield E (1988) The speed and cost of industrial innovation in Japan and the United States: external vs. internal technology. Manage Sci 34(10):1157–1168

    Google Scholar 

  • March J (1965) Introduction. In: March J (ed) Handbook of organizations, Rand McNally, Chicago, IL

  • Moritani M (1982) Japanese technology. Simul Press, Tokyo

  • Moritz EG (1996) Systematic, pragmatic, analytic—a comparison of the Japanese, American and Geman approaches to machine tool design. In: Rasumussen L, Rauner F (eds) Industrial cultures and production. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

  • Morris MH, Davis DL and Allen JW (1994) Fostering corporate entrepreneurship: cross-cultural comparisons of the importance of individualism versus collectivism. J Int Bus Stud 25(1):65–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller F (1994) Societal effect, organizational effect and globalization. Org Stud 15(3):407–428

    Google Scholar 

  • National Science Board (1998) Science and engineering Indicators—1998. National Science Foundation (NSB 98–1), Arlington, VA

  • Nobeoka K, Cusumano MA (1995) Multiproject strategy, design transfer, and product performance: a survey of automobile development projects in the US and Japan. IEEE Trans Engin Manage 42(4):397–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter M, Takeuchi H and Sakakibara M (2000) Can Japan compete? Perseus, Cambridge, MA

  • Rasmussen L, Rauner F (eds) (1996) Industrial cultures and production. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

  • Rosenberg N, Steinmueller W (1988) Why are Americans such poor imitators? Amer Econ Rev 78(2):229–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruth K (1996) Industrial culture—an action-oriented view at innovation and production. In: Rasmussen L, Rauner F (eds) Industrial cultures and production. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

  • Ruth K (1997) Turning difference into advantage—East/West characteristics of industrial culture and their impacts on innovation in the 21st century. In: Yoshimi I (ed) Proceedings of the International Conference on Manufacturing Milestones toward the 21st Century—MM21. Tokyo: Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering.

  • Science and Technology Agency (1998) Kagaku Gijutsu Yoran 1998. Ministry of Finance Printing, Tokyo (in Japanese)

  • Sobek DK, Liker JK and Ward AC (1998) Another look at how Toyota integrates product development. Harv Bus Rev 76(4):36–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi N (1992) Engineering education in Japan. IEEE Communic Mag 11:28–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuji M, Nanni A (1994) Civil engineering undergraduate education in Japan: system overview. J Prof Iss Engin 120(2):135–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Tushman M, Anderson P (1986) Technological discontinuities and organizational environments. Admin Sci Quart 31:439–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakasugi R (1992) Why are Japanese firms so innovative in engineering technology? Res Pol 21:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westney D (1993) Country patterns in R&D organization: the United States and Japan. In: Kogut B (ed) Country competitiveness: technology and the organization of work. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

  • Westney D, Sakakibara K (1985) Comparative study of the training, careers, and organization of engineers in the computer industry in Japan and the United States. MIT-Japan Science and Technology Program (September)

  • Whitehill AM (1991) Japanese management: tradition and transition. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Womack J, Jones D (1996) Lean thinking. Simon and Schuster, New York

  • Womack J, Jones D and Roos D (1990) The machine that changed the world. MacMillan, New York

  • Wood S, Brown G (1998) Commercializing nascent technology: the case of laser diodes at Sony. J Prod Innov Manage 15:167–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leonard H. Lynn.

Additional information

Research for this paper was supported by National Science Foundation Award SES-0080644.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lynn, L.H. Culture and engineering in the USA and Japan. AI & Soc 17, 241–255 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-003-0280-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-003-0280-z

Keywords

Navigation