¹ Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica (‘ST’), trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province, ed. Kevin Knight (http://www.newadvent.org/summa/), 1–2, q.93

² Ibid, 1–2, q.91, a.2

³ Ibid, 1–2, q.87, a.1; a.1; 1–2, q.46, a.1; 2–2, q.108, a.2

⁴ Ibid, 1–2, q.29, a.1

⁵ Ibid, 1–2, q.87, a.1

⁶ Ibid, 1–2, q.29, a.6

⁷ Ibid, 1–2, q.87, a.1

⁸ Ibid, 1–2, q.29, a.6

⁹ Ibid, 1–2, q.72, a.4

¹⁰ Ibid, 1, q.96 a.4

¹¹ Ibid, 1–2, q.90, a.2

¹² For further discussion on Aquinas's conception of the Common Good, see Goyette, John, ‘On the Transcendence of the Political Common Good: Aquinas versus the New Natural Law Theory’ The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 13.1 (2013):133–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Keys, Mary M., Aquinas, Aristotle, and the Promise of the Common Good (Cambridge University Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Finnis, John, Aquinas: Moral, Political and Legal Theory (Oxford University Press 1998), p. 279–84Google Scholar; Koritansky, Peter Karl, Thomas Aquinas and the Philosophy of Punishment (Catholic University of America Press, 2012), p.86–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹³ Porter, Jean, Ministers of the Law: A Natural Law Theory of Legal Authority (William B. Eeerdmans Publishing, 2010), p.156Google Scholar.

¹⁴ See Porter, Jean, ‘The Common Good in Thomas Aquinas’, In Search of the Common Good, ed. Miller, Patrick and McCann, Dennis P. (Continuum International, 2005), p.94 – 121Google Scholar; Nemeth, Charles P., Aquinas in the Courtroom: Lawyers, Judges, and Judicial Conduct (Praeger, 2001), p.103–115Google Scholar

¹⁵ ST 1–2, q.95, a.4

¹⁶ Ibid, 1–2, q. 95, a.1

¹⁷ Ibid, 2–2, q.58, a.1

¹⁸ Ibid

¹⁹ Ibid, 2–2, q.108, a.4

²⁰ Ibid, 1–2, q.90, a.1–2

²¹ Ibid, 2–2, q. 58, a. 6

²² Ibid, 2–2, q.104, a.4

²³ Ibid, 1–2, q.100, a.8

²⁴ Ibid, 1–2, q.19, a.10

²⁵ Ibid

²⁶ Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on the Second Book of the Sentences of Master Peter Lombard, Distinction 44, Article 2 (http://dhspriory.org/thomas/Sent2d44q2a2.htm).

²⁷ Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles (‘SCG’), trans. Anton C. Pegis, James F. Anderson, Vernon J. Bourke, and Charles J. O'Neil (http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles.htm), Book 3, Chapter 146

²⁸ Ibid; ST 2–2, q.64, a.2

²⁹ ST 2–2, q.65, a.2, ad.2

³⁰ SCG, Book 3, Chapter 146

³¹ ST 1–2, q.1, a.3, ad.3.

³² Ibid, 2–2, q.64, a.2; SCG, Book 3, Chapter 146

³³ Aquinas, Commentary on 1 Corinthians (http://dhspriory.org/thomas/SS1Cor.htm#52)

³⁴ ST 2–2, q.64, a.2; SCG, Book 3, Chapter 146

³⁵ Kortansky, Thomas Aquinas and the Philosophy of Punishment, p.161

³⁶ ST 2–2, q.43, a.1

³⁷ Ibid

³⁸ Ibid, 1–2, q.96, a.4

³⁹ For a further and more extensive discussion of Aquinas's argument in favour of Capital Punishment and its relation to contemporary social Catholic teaching, see especially Koritansky, Thomas Aquinas and the philosophy of Punishment, p.170–191; Brugger, Christian, ‘Aquinas and Capital Punishment: The Plausibility of the Traditional Argument’, Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy, Volume 18 Issue 2 (2004): 357–372Google Scholar; Flannery, Kevin, ‘Capital Punishment and the Law’, Ave Maria Law Review 5 (2007): 399–428Google Scholar

⁴⁰ SCG, Book 3, Chapter 146

⁴¹ Ibid

⁴² ST 1–2, q.1, a.3, ad.3

⁴³ Ibid, 2–2, q.158, a.3, ad.2

⁴⁴ Aquinas, Thomas, On Evil, trans. Regan, Richard, ed. Davies, Brian (Oxford University Press, 20013)Google Scholar, On Anger, p.371–377; see also Kortansky, Thomas Aquinas and the Philosophy of Punishment, p.113–122

⁴⁵ ST 2–2, q.158, a.3

⁴⁶ Aquinas, On Evil, p.377–380

⁴⁷ Aquinas, On Evil, p.371–377

⁴⁸ ST, 2–2, q.64, a.2, arg.1

⁴⁹ Ibid, 2–2, q.64, a.2, ad.1

⁵⁰ See ST 2–2, q.11, a.3

⁵¹ See Megivern, James J., The Death Penalty: An Historical and Theological Survey (Paulist Press, 1997), p.111–121Google Scholar. In his overview of Aquinas's position on Capital Punishment, Megivern highlights the religious and political problem of heresy as central to Aquinas's defence of the practice.

⁵² For further discussion on these points and their political-historical context, see Journet, Charles, Church of the Word Incarnate (Sheed and Ward, 1955)Google Scholar.

⁵³ ST 2–2, q.10, a.8

⁵⁴ Ibid, q.64, a.2, ad.1; see also ST 2–2, q.108, a.3, ad.1

⁵⁵ SCG, Book, 3, Chapter 146

⁵⁶ ST 2–2, q.33, a.1

⁵⁷ SCG, Book 3, Chapter 146

⁵⁸ ST 2–2. q.64, a.2, arg.2

⁵⁹ Ibid

⁶⁰ Ibid

⁶¹ Ibid, 2–2, q.23, a.6

⁶² Ibid, 2–2, q.64, arg.3

⁶³ Ibid, 2–2, q.64, ad3

⁶⁴ Ibid, 2–2, q.25, a.3

⁶⁵ Ibid

⁶⁶ Ibid, 2–2, q.64, a.3, ad.2

⁶⁷ Ibid, 1–2, q.29, a.1

⁶⁸ ST 2–2, q.108, a.1

⁶⁹ Ibid, 2–2, q.25, a.6. Aquinas gives the same answer to the question of whether, given the natural inclination to hate that which is contrary to a thing's being, charity should be owed to one's enemies: see ST 2–2, q.25, a.8, ad.2

⁷⁰ Ibid, 1–2, q.85, a.2

⁷¹ Ibid, 2–2, q.25, a.6, ad.2

⁷² For a critique of Aquinas's position with regard to the ontological state of executable sinners as ultimately incoherent, see for instance Brugger, ‘Aquinas and Capital Punishment: The Plausibility of the Traditional Argument’, 365–369

⁷³ Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on the Gospel of Saint John (http://dhspriory.org/thomas/SSJohn.htm)

⁷⁴ ST 2–2, q.64, a.3, ad.2

⁷⁵ Ibid, 2–2, q.64, a.3

⁷⁶ Augustine, , Political Writings, Edited by Atkins, E.M. and Dodaro, R.J. (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p.119–126Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Ibid, p.122

⁷⁸ Ibid, p.123 (emphasis added)

⁷⁹ Ibid, p.124

⁸⁰ Barth, Karl, Church Dogmatics: Volume 3, Part 4, ed. and trans. Bromiley, Geoffrey and Torrance, Thomas (Continuum International, 2004), p.441Google Scholar

⁸¹ Ibid`

⁸² Ibid, p.442

⁸³ Ibid

⁸⁴ Ibid, p.445

⁸⁵ Much remains to be said concerning how Aquinas may have responded to this critique. A fuller exposition, however, lies outside the scope of this essay.