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A. Bianchi (ed.), Language and Reality From a Naturalistic Perspective: Themes From Michael Devitt. Springer.
Theories of Reference: What Was the Question2020 •
The new theory of reference has won popularity. However, a number of noted philosophers have also attempted to reply to the critical arguments of Kripke and others, and aimed to vindicate the description theory of reference. Such responses are often based on ingenious novel kinds of descriptions, such as rigidified descriptions, causal descriptions, and metalinguistic descriptions. This prolonged debate raises doubt whether various parties really have any shared understanding of what the central question of the philosophical theory of reference is: what is the main question to which descriptivism and the causal-historical theory have presented competing answers. One aim of the paper is to clarify this issue. The most influential objections to the new theory of reference are critically reviewed. Special attention is also paid to certain important later advances in the new theory of reference, due to Devitt and others.
Sophia, Colección de Filosofía de la Educación
Language and Reference2019 •
Like cognition, the language in which the cognition finds expression has, in principle, a function of synthesis, that is, a function of connecting the cognizing subject with the object of cognition. Language enables the human subject to have epistemic access to the object; in its form and function this epistemic access constitutes the necessary referentiality of the language itself. Cognition must inevitably refer to the object of knowledge in the mode of pre-linguistic-sensory and abstract-conceptual accesses, as clearly highlighted by Kant in his basic notion of the synthetic nature and structure of conceptual knowledge. This points to an aporetic ambiguity of the epistemic referentiality of language. In the process of cognition, the subject should have an epistemic access to the particular. However, the conceptual cognition departs from the particular and is directed to a general universal idea. The ambiguity between the referential access and the referential departure in cognition necessarily requires a supplementation of the abstract-logical through the pre-linguistic-sensory or aesthetic knowledge, as emphasized by Alexander G. Baumgarten in his doctrine of sensory cognition (cognitio sensitiva) and the aesthetic-logical truth. Such a supplementation within the framework of a theory of perception seems to establish a unique form of epistemological reference, in which the subjective-epistemic access to the particular object does not terminate in the ontological finality of a concept or conceptual cognition, but transcends the cognition into the infinity of an aesthetic perception. Resumen Al igual que la cognición, el lenguaje en el que se expresa la cognición tiene en principio una función de la síntesis, es decir, una función de conectar el sujeto conocedor con el objeto de la cognición. El lenguaje permite al sujeto humano tener acceso epistémico al objeto, que en su forma y función constituye la referencialidad necesaria del lenguaje mismo. La cognición debe referirse inevitablemente al objeto de conocimiento en el modo de accesos pre-lingüístico-sensoriales y abstracto-conceptuales, como lo destaca claramente Kant en su noción básica de la naturaleza sintética y la estructura del conocimiento conceptual. Esto apunta a una ambigüedad aporética de la referencialidad epistémica del lenguaje. En el proceso de cognición, el sujeto debe tener un acceso epistémico a lo particular. Sin embargo, la cognición conceptual se aparta de lo particular y se dirige a una idea universal general. La ambigüedad entre el acceso referencial y la salida referencial en la cognición requiere una suplementación necesaria de lo abstracto-lógico a través del conocimiento pre-lingüístico-sensorial o estético, como destaca Alexander G. Baumgarten en su doctrina de la cognición sensorial (cognitio sensitiva) y de la verdad estética-lógica. Tal suplementación dentro del marco de una teoría de la percepción parece establecer una forma única de referencia epistemológica, en la que el acceso epistémico-subjetivo al objeto particular no termina en la finalidad ontológica de un concepto o cognición conceptual, sino que trasciende la cognición al infinito de una percepción estética. The following essay is a revised translation of a Spanish article published with the title Lenguaje y referencia.
Linguistics and Philosophy
Against intentionalism: an experimental study on demonstrative referenceIn this paper, we present two experimental studies on reference of complex demonstratives. The results of our experiments challenge the dominant view in philosophy of language, according to which demonstrative reference is determined by the speaker's intentions. The first experiment shows that in a context where there are two candidates for the referent—one determined by the speaker’s intention, the other by some “external” factors—people prefer to identify the referent of a demonstrative with the latter object. The external factors for which this prediction has been confirmed include the speaker’s demonstration and the descriptive content of a demonstrative. The second experiment shows that while this preference can be explained in terms of the speakers’ having different sorts of referential intentions, the relevant kind of intentions are fully opaque to the subjects. At the end of our paper, we point to some alternative accounts of demonstrative reference, including a pluralis...
Garoza Revista De La Sociedad Espanola De Estudios Literarios De Cultura Popular
Eliecer CRESPO FERNÁNDEZ: El eufemismo y el disfemismo. Procesos de manipulación del tabú en el lenguaje literario inglés. Alicante: Publicaciones Universidad de Alicante, 2007, 304 páginas2008 •
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