Objectivity, Empiricism, and Truth

A. J. Ayer accept answer argue argument ascribers ascription asserting avowals background beliefs certainty chapter claim commensurability common ground conception conclusion constraints of reason criteria criticism cultures decisions deductive discussion empiricism empiricists ence entrenched epistemology evidence experience explanation external fact fallibilism false foundationalism foundationalist give human contribution Humean ibid idea identifying impersonal independent individual inference instances interpersonal issue James James's jectivity John Wisdom judgments justification Kuhn Kuhn's language-game logic matter ments moral objectivity observation sentences one's parity particular perception person philosophy picture possible practices pragmatic pragmatist predicates premises presupposes problem procedure propositions push back question Quine Quine's Ralph Barton Perry rational rationalist rejection relativism relativist respect the constraints Richard Rorty role rule of inference rules says seems sense shared shift sort stand fast statements Susan Haack testing theory thesis things thinks Thomas Kuhn thought tion true truth truth-values valid verdict Wisdom Wittgenstein