Critical Humanism and the Politics of DifferenceThe most influential theories of oppression have argued that belief in some shared human essence or nature is ultimately responsible for the injustices suffered by women, First Nations peoples, blacks, gays and lesbians, and colonised people and have insisted that struggles against oppression must be mounted from the unique and different perspectives of different groups. Jeff Noonan argues instead that such difference must be seen to be anchored in a conception of human beings as self-creative. Unless freedom and self-determination are accepted as universal values, the moral force of arguments against exclusion and oppression is lost. Noonan shows that at the core of postmodern philosophy, with its claim that culture creates humans, is a concern to dethrone the modern understanding of human beings as subjects, as builders of their world and free when those world-building activities are the outcome of free choices. He explains that because the postmodern conception of human being does not capture what is universal in all humans it is incapable of critically responding to the forcible subordination of different cultures to European "humanity." When oppressed groups explain why they struggle against oppression, they invoke just that idea of human being as subjectivity that postmodern philosophy claims is the basis of oppression. Noonan argues that the voices of cultural differences, when they struggle against the forces of hatred and exclusion, do not ground themselves just in the particular value of their culture but in the universal value of human freedom and self-determination. |
Contents
The Emergence of Difference | 11 |
The Dynamics of Difference | 24 |
The Twilight of Subjecthood | 41 |
Postmodern Freedom | 57 |
THE CONTRADICTIONS OF THE POSTMODERN POLITICS OF DIFFERENCE | 79 |
Realizing Postmodern Politics | 81 |
Is Radical Pluralism a Coherent Idea? | 92 |
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affirmation apartheid argues argument assert basis believes capacity for self-determination chapter claim coherent concept of subjecthood constituted context contradiction critique cultural differences deconstruction defined denies Derrida determine différance discourse dynamics Emmanuel Levinas ence Ernesto Laclau essence of human essentialist essentialist understanding ethical exclusion fact ferences forces Foucault freedom function goal Hegel human essence human nature Ibid idea of subjecthood identity thinking Kanesatake Kymlicka Laclau and Mouffe language language-games logic Lyotard manifest margins Marx Marxism meaning metanarrative metaphysical metaphysics of presence minority modern Mohawk Nation Mohawks normative notion of subjecthood object Oka Crisis oppressed groups particular philosophy politics of difference position post-Marxism postmod postmodern criticism postmodern philosophy postmodern politics practice presupposes problem Quebec Québécois radical pluralism radical politics resistance responsibility rooted rules signs simply society specific strategy structure struggles against oppression subject-position theory tion totalitarian transgression truth underlying understanding of human voice Zapatistas
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Page 1 - Neither a fixed abode nor a form that is thine alone nor any function peculiar to thyself have we given thee, Adam, to the end that according to thy longing and according to thy judgment thou mayest have and possess what abode, what form, and what functions thou thyself shalt desire.