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Table 1

Different levels of public accountability (Adapted from Daniels 1996)

I. Macro level: Government, parliament, and/or other democratic institutions
 1.Explicit deliberative procedures for resource allocation with transparency and rationales for decisions based on reasons all “stakeholders” can agree;
 2.Global budgeting;
 3.Measures for enforcement of compliance with rules and laws (regulation);
 4.Strengthening civil society enabling environment for advocacy groups;
 5.Stimulating public debate, including participation of vulnerable groups;
 6.Fair grievance procedures: Legal procedures (malpractice) and non-legal dispute resolution procedures.
II. Meso level: Healthcare departments, health insurers, private institutions (For profit and not-for-profit)
 1.Explicit, public detailed procedures for evaluating services with full public reports;
 2.Use reports;
 3.Performance reports and compliance reports;
 4.Use of adequately qualified consultants;
 5.External and internal audit;
 6.Fair grievance procedures: Legal procedures (malpractice) and non-legal dispute resolution procedures.
III. Micro level: healthcare professionals
 1.Informed consent;
 2.Evidence-based guidelines;
 3.Openness of the decision-making process;
 4.Adequate privacy protection;
 5.Integrity and absence of dual role