초록

신경과학 연구에서 첨단 영상기술의 도입은 사변적 논의에 머물었던 철학적 개념이나 주장에 대해서 사실적 토대에 접근할 수 있는 계기를 제공했다. 윤리학과도덕 심리학계의 일부 학자들 사이에는 도덕 판단의 근거를 fMRI와 같은 기법을활용하여 신경 과정 현상에서 규명하려는 움직임이 일고 있다. 조쉬아 그린은, 도덕 판단 일반이 무의식이나 직관에 의해서 이루어진다는 사회적 직관주의의 입장을 개별 도덕이론들에 적용하고자 한다. 그린에 의하면, 의무론은 실제 이성에 의한 결과에 따른 규범적 주장이 아니라 진화에 의해 형성된 도덕적 감정에 의해 유도된 심리적 유형이며, 그러한 감정적 반응을 이성적 추론에 의한 것으로 생각하는경향은 사후 합리화, 일종의 작화증(作話症)의 발로라고 주장한다. 그린은 더 나아가 의무론 본래의 이론은 규범적 관점에서 타당한 입론을 보장할 수 없으며, 공적영역에서의 의사결정에 있어서 결과론적 원리가 희망적인 관점이라고 제안한다. 이에, 본 논문은 그린의 논증 과정을 분석하여 재구성하였고, 그린의 논증에는도덕 판단에 대한 이해, 가설 설정과 검증 자료의 제시와 해석, 그리고 의무론에대한 조작적 정의와 규범적 평가 등에 있어서 의문점이 제기되고 있음을 밝혔다. 더 나아가 그린의 연구 방법과 결과와 문제점 등이 우리 도덕(과)교육에 시사할수 있는 바를 정리하였다. 도덕에 관한 과도한 과학주의와 사변적 논의에 대한 경계, 도덕성 본질에 대한 이해 지평의 확대와 신경윤리학과 뇌교육에서 도덕교육의영역 탐색 등이 언급된다.

키워드

J. D. 그린, 의무론, 신경과학, fMRI, 도덕적 작화증, 자동성, 도덕적감정과 직관, 진화론, 도덕 딜레마, 신경윤리학, 도덕교육, 뇌교육

참고문헌(108)open

  1. [학술지] 김효은 / 2009 / 도덕적 판단의 본성: 신경윤리학적 접근 / 과학철학 12 (2) : 63 ~ 85

  2. [학술지] 박장호 / 2004 / Aristoteles의 실천적 지혜와 도덕교육 / 윤리교육연구 6 (6) : 147 ~ 182

  3. [학술지] 박장호 / 2006 / 아리스토텔레스의 윤리학 교수의 의미 / 윤리교육연구 (9) : 145 ~ 176

  4. [단행본] Bargh, J / 1994 / The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, efficiency, intention, and control in social cognition, In Handbook of social cognition, 2nd edition / Erlbaum : 1 ~ 40

  5. [학술지] Bargh, J. A / 1999 / The unbearable automaticity of being / American Psychology 54 : 462 ~ 479

  6. [학술지] Bargh, J. A / 2000 / Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes / Psychological Bulletin 126 : 925 ~ 945

  7. [학술지] Barels, A / 2004 / The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love / NeuroImage 21 : 1155 ~ 1166

  8. [학술지] Baron, J / 1994 / Nonconsequentialist decision / Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 : 1 ~ 42

  9. [학술지] Baron, J / 1996 / Determinants of insensitivity to quantity in valuation of public goods / Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 2 : 107 ~ 125

  10. [단행본] Bjorklund, F / Vivid violations are morally worse / University of Lund

  11. [학술지] Blair, R. J. R / 1995 / A Cognitive developmental Approach to morality: Investigating the psychopath / Cognition 57 (1) : 1 ~ 29

  12. [학술지] Bowles, S / 2004 / The evolution of strong reciprocity: Cooperation in heterogeneous cortex of rhesus monkeys / Cerebral Cortex 4 (1) : 78 ~ 96

  13. [단행본] Boyer, P / 2001 / Religion explained: The evolutionary origins of religious thought / Basic

  14. [학술지] Cacioppo, J. T / 1982 / The need for cognition / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42 : 116 ~ 131

  15. [학술지] Canli, T / 2002 / Amygdala response to happy faces as a function of extraversion / Science 296 : 2191

  16. [학술지] Chartrand, T. L / 1999 / The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 : 893 ~ 910

  17. [학술지] Churchland, P. M / 1998 / Toward a cognitive neurobiology of the moral virtues / Topoi 17 : 83 ~ 96

  18. [학술지] Ciaramelli, E / 2007 / Selective deficit in personal moral judgment following damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex / Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2 : 84 ~ 92

  19. [단행본] Cosmides, L / 1994 / Origins of domain specificity: The evolution of functional organization, In Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture / Cambridge University Press : 85 ~ 116

  20. [학술지] Cushman, F / 2006 / The role of conscious reasoning and intuitions in moral judgments: Testing three principles of harm / Psychological Science 17 (12) : 1082 ~ 1089

  21. [단행본] Damasio, A / 1994 / Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain / Putnam

  22. [단행본] Dennett, D. C / 1978 / Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology / Bradford Books

  23. [학술지] Decety, J / 2004 / The Neural bases of cooperation and competition: An FMRI investigation / NeuroImage 23 : 744 ~ 751

  24. [단행본] de Waal, F / 1996 / Good natured: The origins of right and wrong in humans and other animals / Harvard University Press

  25. [단행본] Fisher, J. M / 1992 / Ethics: Problems and principles / Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers

  26. [단행본] Flack, J. C / 2000 / 'Any animal whatever': Darwinian building blocks of morality in monkeys and apes, In Evolutionary Origins of Morality : 1 ~ 29

  27. [단행본] Frank, R / 1988 / Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions / Norton

  28. [학술지] Galotti, K. M / 1989 / Approaches to studying formal and everyday reasoning / Psychological Bulletin 105 : 331 ~ 351

  29. [단행본] Gazzaniga, M. S / 1985 / The social brain / Basic Books

  30. [단행본] Gibbard, A / 2008 / Reconciling our Aims: In Search of Bases for Ethics / Oxford University Press : 185

  31. [학술지] Greene, J. D / 2001 / Intuitions about declining marginal utility / Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 14 : 243 ~ 255

  32. [학술지] Greene, J. D / 2001 / An fMRI study of emotional engagement in moral judgment / Science 293 : 2105 ~ 2108

  33. [학술지] Greene, J. D / 2002 / How (and where) does moral judgment work? / Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6 (12) : 517 ~ 523

  34. [학술지] Greene, J. D / 2003 / From neural "is" to moral "ought": what are the moral implications of neuroscientific moral psychology? / Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4 : 847 ~ 850

  35. [학술지] Greene, J. D / 2004 / For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything / Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 359 : 1775 ~ 1778

  36. [학술지] Greene, J. D / 2004 / The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment / Neuron 44 : 389 ~ 400

  37. [학술지] Greene, J. D / 2007 / Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian?: A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains / Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11 (8) : 322 ~ 323

  38. [기타] Greene, J. D / Pushing moral buttons: The interaction between personal force and intention in moral judgment

  39. [단행본] Greene, J. D / 2008 / The Secret of Kant's Soul(SJKS), In Moral psychology Vol 3: The Neuroscience of Morality: Emotion, Brain Disorders, and Development / A Bradford Book, The MIT Press : 35 ~ 117

  40. [단행본] Haidt, J / 2001 / 도덕적 판단에 관한 사회적 직관주의 모델 / 서현사

  41. [단행본] Haidt, J / 2004 / Moral dumbfounding: When intuition finds no reason / University of Virginia

  42. [학술지] Haidt, J / 2007 / When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize / Social Justice Research

  43. [단행본] Haidt, J / The sacred victim vs. the sacred system: A moral foundations view of system justification, In Social and psychological bases of ideology and system justification

  44. [학술지] Haidt, J / 2001 / Sexual morality: The cultures and reasons of liberals and conservatives / Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31 : 191 ~ 221

  45. [학술지] Haidt, J / 2004 / Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues / Daedalus (Fall) : 55 ~ 66

  46. [학술지] Haidt, J / 1993 / Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 : 613 ~ 628

  47. [학술지] Haidt, J / 1994 / Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors / Personality and Individual Differences 16 : 701 ~ 713

  48. [단행본] Harmin, G / 1977 / The Nature of Morality: An introduction to ethics / Oxford Univ. Press

  49. [학술지] Hamilton, W. D / 1964 / The genetical evolution of social behavior / Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 : 1 ~ 52

  50. [학술지] Harris, J. R / 1995 / Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development / Psychological Review 102 : 458 ~ 489

  51. [학술지] Hariri, A. R / 2003 / Imaging genomics / Br. Med. Bull 65 : 259 ~ 270

  52. [단행본] Huetel / 2004 / Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Sinauer

  53. [단행본] Hume, D / 1960 / An enquiry concerning the principles of morals / Open Court

  54. [단행본] Hume, D / 1969 / A treatise of human nature / Penguin : 1739 ~ 1740

  55. [학술지] Illes, J / 2007 / Neuroethics: a modern context for ethics in neuroscience / TREND in Neurosciences 29 (9) : 511 ~ 517

  56. [단행본] Jamieson, D / 1999 / Singer and his critics / Blackwell

  57. [단행본] Kagan, J / 1984 / The nature of the child / Basic Books

  58. [단행본] Kagan, S / 1997 / Normative Ethics / Westview Press

  59. [학술지] Kahneman, D / 1998 / Shared outrage and erratic rewards: The Psychology of punitive damages / Journal of Risk and Uncertainity 16 : 49 ~ 86

  60. [단행본] Kahneman, D / 1999 / Objective happiness, In Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology / Russell Sage : 3 ~ 25

  61. [학술지] Kahane, G / 2010 / Methodological Issues in the Neuroscience of Moral Judgement / Mind & Language 25 (5) : 561 ~ 582

  62. [단행본] Kohlberg, L / 1969 / Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization, In Handbook of socialization theory and research / Rand McNally

  63. [단행본] Kohlberg, L / 1971 / From is to ought: How to commit the naturalistic fallacy and get away with it in the study of moral development, In Psychology and Genetic Epistemology / Academic Press : 151 ~ 235

  64. [단행본] Korsgaard, C. M / 1996 / Creating the kingdom of ends / Cambridge Univ. Press

  65. [학술지] Koenigs, M / 2007 / Irrational economic decision-making after ventromedial prefrontal damage: evidence from the ultimatum game / Journal of Neuroscience 27 : 951 ~ 956

  66. [학술지] Koenigs, M / 2007 / Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgement / Nature 446 : 908 ~ 911

  67. [학술지] Kuhn, D / 1989 / Children and adults as intuitive scientists / Psychological Review 96 : 674 ~ 689

  68. [학술지] Kunda, Z / 1990 / The case for motivated reasoning / Psychological Bulletin 108 : 480 ~ 498

  69. [학술대회] Meyer-Lindenberg, A / 2006 / Neural mechanism of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans / Proc. Natl. Acd. Sci. U. S. A : 6269 ~ 6274

  70. [학술지] Moll, J / 2002 / The neural correlates of moral sensitivity: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basic and moral emotions / J. Neurosci 22 : 2730 ~ 2736

  71. [학술지] Moll, J / 2002 / Functional Networks in emotional and nonmoral social judgments / NeuroImage 16 : 696 ~ 703

  72. [단행본] Mineka, S / 1988 / Social learning and the acquisition of snake fear in monkeys, In Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives / Lawrence Erlbaum : 51 ~ 74

  73. [단행본] Nisbett, R. E / 1980 / Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment / Prentice-Hall

  74. [학술지] Nisbett, R. E / 1977 / Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes / Psychological Review 84 : 231 ~ 259

  75. [단행본] Perkins, D. N / 1991 / Everyday reasoning and the roots of intelligence, In Informal reasoning and education / Erlbaum : 83 ~ 105

  76. [단행본] Petty, R. E / 1986 / The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, In Advances in experimental social psychology , Vol. 19 / Academic Press : 123 ~ 205

  77. [단행본] Piaget, J / 1965 / The moral judgement of the child / Free Press

  78. [단행본] Pinker, S / 1997 / How the mind works / Norton

  79. [단행본] Pinker, S / 2002 / The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature / Viking

  80. [학술지] Pizarro, D. A / 2003 / The intelligence of the moral intuitions: Comment on Haidt (2001) / Psychological Review 110 : 193 ~ 196

  81. [단행본] Prinz, J / 2007 / The emotional construction of morals / Oxford Univ. Press

  82. [단행본] Rawls, J / 1971 / A Theory of Justice / Harvard Univ. Press

  83. [단행본] Richerson, P. J / 1998 / The evolution of human ultra-sociality, In Indoctrinability, ideology, and warfare: Evolutionary perspectives / Berghahn : 71 ~ 95

  84. [단행본] Roskies, A / 2006 / A case study in neuroethics: the nature of moral judgment, In Neuroethics: Defining the issue in Theory, Practice and Policy / Oxford Univ. Press

  85. [단행본] Ross, L / 1991 / The person and the situation / McGraw-Hill

  86. [학술지] Rozin, P / 1999 / The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity) / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 : 574 ~ 586

  87. [학술지] Sanfey, A. G / 2003 / The Neural basis of economic decision-making in the ultimatum game / Science 300 : 1755 ~ 1758

  88. [학술지] Saltzstein, H. D / 2004 / Haidt's moral intuitionist theory / Review of General Psychology 8 : 273 ~ 282

  89. [단행본] Schnall, S / 2005 / Irrelevant Disgust Makes Moral Judgments More Severe, for Those who Listen to Their Bodies / University of Virginia

  90. [학술지] Shweder, R. A / 1993 / The future of moral psychology: Truth, intuition, and the pluralist way / Psychological Science 4 : 360 ~ 365

  91. [단행본] Shweder, R. A / 1987 / Culture and moral development, In The emergence of morality in young children / University of Chicago Press : 1 ~ 83

  92. [단행본] Singer, P / 1994 / Rethinking life and death / St. Martin's Press

  93. [학술지] Skitka, L. J / 2002 / Do the means always justify the ends, or do the ends sometimes justify the means? A value protection model of justice reasoning / Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 28 : 588 ~ 597

  94. [단행본] Sober, E / 1998 / Unto others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior / Harvard University Press

  95. [단행본] Timmons, M / 2002 / Moral Theory: An Introduction / Rowman & Littlefield Pub. Inc : 12 ~ 17

  96. [단행본] Timmons, M / 2008 / Toward a Sentimentalist Deontology, In Moral Psychology. vol. 3. The Neuroscience of morality: emotion, brain disorders and development / A Bradford Book : 93 ~ 104

  97. [단행본] Thomson, J. J / 1986 / Right, Restitution and Risk / Harvard Univ. Press : 94 ~ 116

  98. [학술지] Turkheimer, E / 2000 / Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean / Current Directions in Psychological Science 9 : 160 ~ 164

  99. [단행본] Wegner, D / 1998 / Control and automaticity in social life, In Handbook of social psychology (4th ed.) / McGraw Hill : 446 ~ 496

  100. [학술지] Wheatley, T / 2005 / Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe / Psychological Science

  101. [단행본] Wiggins, D / 1987 / Needs, values, truth / Blackwell

  102. [단행본] Wilson, J. Q / 1993 / The moral sense / Free Press

  103. [단행본] Wilson, T. D / 2002 / Strangers to ourselves: Discovering the adaptive unconscious / Belknap Press

  104. [학술지] Wilson, T. D / 2000 / A model of dual attitudes / Psychological Review 107 : 101 ~ 126

  105. [단행본] Wrangham, R / 1996 / Demonic males: Apes and the origins of human violence / Houghton Mifflin

  106. [단행본] Wright, R / 1994 / The moral animal / Pantheon

  107. [단행본] Zahn-Waxler, C / 1982 / The development of altruism: Alternative research strategies, In The development of pro-social behavior / Academic Press

  108. [학술지] Zajonc, R. B / 1980 / Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences / American Psychologist 35 : 151 ~ 175