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Adopting Temperance-Oriented Behavior? New Possibilities for Consumers and Their Food Waste

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Abstract

The ongoing conflict between the economic imperative of stimulating consumption as part of the proliferation of neoliberal ideals of consumer supremacy and growing concern to increase environmental protection presents an opportunity to focus on consumption with respect to ethical behavior. Ethical concerns regarding purchasing and consumption behavior are addressed here in relation to the adoption of principles associated with temperance as applied to self-restraint in food purchase and consumption. The paper outlines theological links to the concept of temperance as applied to environmental and health concerns. Employing a virtue ethics perspective, it examines people’s proactive attitudes that value the environment by adopting waste reduction behaviors. Within the context of normative ethics, it is asked: “Is temperance able to fulfill the role of a lever in consumers’ hands and thereby contribute to minimizing negative environmental impacts associated with food waste?” The research bears witness to the role that consumer behavior may play in promotion and application of temperance in daily life. Study results from a survey conducted in Romania extend the scant information on people’s food waste behavior in relation to religion, underscoring the relationship between religion, temperance-oriented behavior and environmental concerns.

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Acknowledgements

This study was partially developed through the research program “The creation of a model for the evaluation of food quality from the point of view of consumer health and environmental protection”, selected within the bilateral cooperation between the Romanian Academy and Wallonia—WBI, FRS-FNRS (Grand No. 1/2016). “La présente publication a été rendue possible grâce à l’Accord qui lie WBI, le FRS-FNRS et l’Académie Roumaine.”

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  1. Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    Ruxandra Malina Petrescu-Mag

  2. Faculty of Business, Babes-Bolyai University, 7 Horea Street, 400174, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    Dacinia Crina Petrescu

  3. Department of Geography, Environment and Population, School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Guy M. Robinson

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Appendix 1: Questions Used in the Survey

Appendix 1: Questions Used in the Survey

Temperance in food wastage

Question 1

“On average, how much of the total meat purchased monthly do you throw away?”

Answer option: … % of total meat

Question 2

“On average, how much of the other foods purchased monthly do you throw away?”

Answer option: …  % of total amount of other foods

Question 3

“How much are you willing to reduce of your consumption of meat and meat products based on environmental concerns (i.e., you realize that meat has a strong negative environmental impact)”

Answer options: “very high reduction”, “high reduction”, “average reduction”, “low reduction”, “very low reduction”

Temperance in loading the environment with food waste

Question 4

How much of the total waste cooking oil that you generate over the period of 1 month do you collect and dispose selectively (or reuse it, e.g., as animal feed)?”

Answer options: 0%, 1–25%, 26–50%, 51–75%, 76–100%

Question 5

“How much of the total food waste that you generate over the period of 1 month do you collect and dispose selectively (or reuse it, e.g., as animal feed or compost)?”

Answer options: 0%, 1–25%, 26–50%, 51–75%, 76–100%

Question 6

“Which are the main reasons for which you (would) collect and dispose selectively of food waste in special places so they can be composted?”

Answer options: “Because I got used to doing it”, “Because of the desire to protect the environment”, “Due to the fines I would pay if I did not recycle”, “Due to the fact that I receive payment for it”, “Because of the example I received from people around me”, “Other reason”

Question 7

“Which are the main barriers that (would) impede you from collecting and disposing selectively of waste cooking oil in special places for recycling?”

Answer options: “It is too complicated”, “I do not have time”, “I am not interested in the problem”, “I do not know where to dispose of it”, “I have no place to store it until disposal”, “Others mix different categories of waste after I sorted them”, “Lack of financial stimulation”, “I do not generate it”

Question 8

“Which are the main barriers that (would) impede you from collecting and disposing selectively other food waste in special places for recycling?”

Answer options: “It is too complicated”, “I do not have time”, “I am not interested in the problem”, “I do not know where to dispose it”, “I have no place to store it until disposal”, “Others mix different categories of waste after I sorted them”, “Lack of financial stimulation”, “I do not generate it”

Question 9

“How difficult is it (would be) for you to collect and dispose selectively of food waste?”

Answer options: “very difficult”, “difficult”, “average easiness/difficulty”, “easy”, “very easy”

Question 10

“Do you fast at least 1 day per week (e.g., Wednesdays or Fridays)?”

Answer options: “yes” and “no”

Question 11

“Do you fast for at least part of the main fasting periods?”

Answer options: “yes” and “no”

Question 12

Gender; Answer options: M, F

Age; Answer options: 18–25, 26–45, 46–65, over 65 years old

Income; Answer options (equivalent in euro, at an exchange rate 1 euro = 4.5 RON): 111 or below, 112–222, 223–444, 445–666, 667–888, over 888 euro/month (in Romania, in 2018, the minimum gross income/month was 422 euro and the net average income/month was 553 euro)

Household size; Answer options: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more persons

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Petrescu-Mag, R.M., Petrescu, D.C. & Robinson, G.M. Adopting Temperance-Oriented Behavior? New Possibilities for Consumers and Their Food Waste. J Agric Environ Ethics 32, 5–26 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-019-09765-4

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