Levels of causal understanding in chimpanzees and children☆
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2020, Trends in Cognitive SciencesCitation Excerpt :Both A and B are possible locations for the target. If participants are shown that A is empty (not A), great apes, monkeys, birds, elephants, and many other nonlinguistic species immediately search in location B (therefore B; e.g., [23–31]). Twenty- and 23-month-old humans, who do not yet grasp the meanings of ‘not’ [32–35], ‘or’ [36,37], ‘possible’, or modal operators, such as ‘could’, ‘might,’ ‘must’, or ‘have to’ [38,39] also pass this task [34,40].
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The data reported here were collected at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Pennsylvania Primate Facility. We are greatly indebted to Guy Woodruff, who participated in all phases of the research and would be a co-author if we knew his whereabouts and could obtain his permission. We are also indebted to the many students, graduate and undergraduate, at both institutions who assisted in the care and testing of the chimpanzees.