Skip to main content
Log in

A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Ethical Values of Consumers: The Potential Effect of War and Civil Disruption

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Past research has examined the ethical judgments of consumers in the U.S., but few studies have investigated such attitudes in foreign-market settings. The current study compares ethical attitudes of consumers in two countries (Ireland and Lebanon) which share a cultural similarity of ongoing war and terrorism. The findings reveal that both cultures exhibit low sensitivity to ethical issues. Furthermore, the findings show that the Irish consumers are less sensitive to consumer ethical practices, less idealistic, more relativistic, and more Machiavellian than Lebanese consumers. The authors recommend that other researchers need to further investigate this perplexing issue because ethics is a research topic which often discourages survey respondents to be candid.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bartels, Robert: 1967, ‘A Model for Ethics in Marketing’, Journal of Marketing( January), 20–26.

  • Brabeck, Mary M.: 1989, ‘Consumer on Scarr’, American Psychologist 44(May), 847.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breznitz, S. (ed.), (1983), Stress in Israel(Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Christie, R. and F. L. Geis: 1970, Studies in Machiavellianism(Academic Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. M.: 1979, ‘Comparison of Consumer Acceptance of Rights and Responsibilities’, in N. M. Ackerman (ed.), Ethics and the Consumer Interest, pp. 68–70.

  • DePaulo, Peter J.: 1986, ‘Ethical Perceptions of Deceptive Bargaining Tactics Used By Salespersons and Customers: A Double Standard’, in Proceedings of the Division of Consumer Psychology, Joel G. Sagert (ed.), American Psychological Association(Washington, DC).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, Rona, M.: 1977, Society Under Siege(Temple University Press, Philadelphia).

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, Donelson R.: 1992, ‘Judging the Morality of Business Practices: The Influence of Personal Moral Philosophies’, Journal of Business Ethics 11(May), 461–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, P. E.: 1978, Analysis Multivariate Data(The Dryden Press, Hinsdale, Il.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, Geert: 1983, ‘The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories’, Journal of International Business Studies(Fall), 80–95.

  • Hunt, Shelby and Arturo Z. Vasquez-Parraga: 1993,’ Organizational Consequences, Marketing Ethics and Salesforce Supervision’, Journal of Marketing Research 30(February), 78–90.

  • Hunt, Shelby D. and Lawrence Chonko: 1984,’ Marketing and Machiavellianism’, Journal of Marketing(Summer), 30–42.

  • Kallis, M. J., K. A. Krentier and D. J. Vanier: 1986,’ The Value of User Image in Quelling Aberrant Consumer Behavior’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 14(Spring), 29–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, Lawrence: 1981, The Meaning and Measurement of Moral Development(Clark University Press, Worcester, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, R. S. and M. S. Gallops: 1985, ‘Life Course Effects of Vietnam Combat and Abusive Violence: Marital Patterns’, Journal of Marriage and the Family 11, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moschis, G.P. and J. Powell: 1986, ‘The Juvenile Shoplifter’, The Marketing Mix 10(1) (Winter-Spring), 1.

  • Muncy, James A. and Scott J. Vitell: 1992, ‘Consumer Ethics: An Investigation of the Ethical Beliefs of the Final Consumer’, Journal of Business Research 24(4) ( June), 297–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, Patrick and M. Dee Pridgen: 1987, ‘Ethical and Legal Issues in Marketing’, paper presented at American Marketing Association's Marketing Ethics Workshop, University of Southern Mississippi.

  • Neilsen, S. L.: 1972, ‘Intergroup Conflict and Violence, Belfast 1968’, Psychosocial Studies 4(University of Bergen, Norway).

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Malley, P. P.: 1971, ‘Attempts Suicide Before and After the Communal Violence in Belfast’, Journal of Irish Medical Association 56, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putman, John J.: 1981, ‘A New Day For Ireland’, National Geographic 159(4) (April), 443–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawwas, Mohammed Y. A.: 1996, ‘Ethical Beliefs of Mental Health Care Professionals: Marketing Implications for Improving Client-Based Relationships’, Working Paper.

  • Rawwas, Mohammed Y. A.: 1994, ‘The Impact of Warfare and Economic Hardship on the Ethical Values of Consumers: A Cross-Cultural Investigation’, in Academy of Business Administration Conference(Global Business Trends, Maine), pp. 223–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawwas, Mohammed Y. A., Scott J. Vitell and Jamal A. Al-Khatib: 1994, ‘Consumer Ethics: The Possible Effects of Terrorism and War on the Ethical Values of Consumers’, Journal of Business Ethics 13, 223–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamfl, R. W.: 1979, ‘Multi-Disciplinary Foundations for a Consumer Code of Ethics’, in N. M. Ackerman (ed.), Ethics and the Consumer Interest, pp. 12–20.

  • Schubert, J. G. (1979), ‘Consumer Abuse: Some Recommendations for Change’, in N. M. Ackerman (ed.), Ethics and the Consumer Interest, pp. 146–149.

  • Tatsuoka, Maurice M.: 1971, Multivariate Analysis: Techniques for Educational and Psychological Research(John Wiley, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tull, D. S. and D. J. Hawkins: 1993, Marketing Research: Measurement and Method, Sixth Edition, (Macmillan Publishing, New York, New York), pp. 137–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaz, Laura and Suresh Kanekar: 1992, ‘Gender Differences in Likelihood Estimates and Recommendations Regarding Antinormative Behavior in Different Ethical Contexts’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 22(21) (Nov.), 1688–1701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, Scott J., Saviour L. Nwachukwu and James H. Barnes: 1993, ‘The Effects of Culture on Ethical Decision-Making: An Application of Hofstede's Typology’, Journal of Business Ethics 12, 753–760.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, Scott J., James R. Lumpkin and Mohammed Y. A. Rawwas: 1991, ‘Consumer Ethics: An Investigation of the Ethical Beliefs of Elderly Consumers’, Journal of Business Ethics(May), 365–375.

  • Wilkes, R. E.: 1978, ‘Fraudulent Behavior by Consumers’, Journal of Marketing(October), 67–75.

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rawwas, M.Y.A., Patzer, G.L. & Vitell, S.J. A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Ethical Values of Consumers: The Potential Effect of War and Civil Disruption. Journal of Business Ethics 17, 435–448 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005788421138

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005788421138

Keywords

Navigation