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From Pan to Homo sapiens: evolution from individual based to group based forms of social cognition

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Abstract

The evolution from pre-human primates to modern Homo sapiens is a complex one involving many domains, ranging from the material to the social to the cognitive, both at the individual and the community levels. This article focuses on a critical qualitative transition that took place during this evolution involving both the social and the cognitive domains. For the social domain, the transition is from the face-to-face forms of social interaction and organization that characterize the non-human primates that reached, with Pan, a hiatus due to the centripetal effects that highly individualized behavior has on a social system. The transition is to the relation-based forms of social organization that evolved in the hominins ancestral to Homo sapiens and are universal in human societies today. For the cognitive domain, this transition involves going from behavior responding mainly to phenomenal level sensory inputs to behavior formed in accordance with the concept of a relation, initially abstracted from behavior patterns, then extending the concept of a relation beyond abstraction from behavior patterns to the concept of a relation generated recursively through constructing the relation of a relation. This extension made possible the construction of systems of relations; initially genealogical systems of relations constructed culturally using the logic of recursion, and subsequently, the symbolic, computational systems of kin term relations referred to by anthropologists as kinship terminologies. The latter are “constructed realities” in the sense this term is used by cultural anthropologists. It follows that the evolution of relation-based systems of social interaction is not adequately accounted for through population model evolutionary accounts such as the Dual Inheritance Theory of human evolution since “constructed realities” constitute collectively and publicly shared cultural knowledge rather than the individually and privately possessed knowledge that is assumed in the population model framework for human evolution.

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Fig. 1
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adapted from the following: filled triangle– Epstein 2002; filled square—Rightmire 2004; filled diamond—Ruff et al. 1997. Phylogenetic groups for the encephalization data are identified except for the data for Homo post H. erectus. EQ = brain mass/(11.22 body mass0.76). The stages refer to qualitatively different tool forms (see Read and van der Leeuw 2008 for details)

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Notes

  1. I thank an anonymous reviewer for bringing the relevance of Charles S. Peirce's notion of hypostatic abstraction and the work of F. Stjernfelt on semiotics to my attention.

  2. “Hypostatic abstraction in mathematical logic … is a formal operation that transforms a predicate into a relation; for example ‘Honey is sweet’ is transformed into ‘Honey has sweetness.’ … The abstraction of hypostasis takes the concrete physical sense of ‘taste’ found in ‘honey is sweet’ and gives it formal metaphysical characteristics in ‘honey has sweetness’” (Wikipedia contributors: 2019).

  3. In predicate form, nurturant(female) → provides(female, nurturance).

  4. The fact that human language and systems of kinship relations are both syntactically organized linguistic systems raises the question of whether there is a connection between the origin of the one or the other. The simplest genealogical system of kinship relations incorporating both the generation of genealogical relations and the reduction of generated genealogical relations through structural equations would be the mother genealogical relation, its reciprocal child genealogical relation and the genealogical structure formed recursively from mother and/or child genealogical relations, using at most two genealogical relations at a time, and modified, for a female speaker, by the reciprocal genealogical structural equation, child’s mother = self. This system would consist of the genealogical relations mother, mother’s mother, child, child’s child, mother’s child and self = child’s mother. Implementation of the “grandmother” hypothesis system around 1.5 mya would provide a behavioral basis for the use of recursive logic to go from the mother genealogical relation to the mother of a mother genealogical relation. This suggests that a simple genealogical system of kinship relations could trace back to 1.5 mya, hence before the formation of syntactically structured human languages, and so could be one of the factors leading to embedding recursion as a fundamental feature of human languages.

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Read, D. From Pan to Homo sapiens: evolution from individual based to group based forms of social cognition. Mind Soc 19, 121–161 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11299-020-00230-8

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