Abstract
This is a review of the literature in the philosophy of medicine published in China from 1930 to 1980. The topics dealt with include the relationship between medicine and philosophy, the basic concepts of medicine, etiology and causality, the bearing of psychology on physiology and pathology, epistemology in diagnostics, methodology of medical sciences, philosophical and methological problems in traditional Chinese medicine, philosophical problems in health policy, and medical ethics.
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Hang Jiachen: ‘The position and role of subjective activity in the treatment of disease’,Light Daily, Nov. 11, 1960.
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Hu Mingdao: ‘To overcome narrow empiricism’Health Press, Jan. 13, 1965.
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Qiu Renzong: ‘The concepts of death and euthanasia’,Medicine and Philosophy, (1), (1980) 77–79.
Qiu Renzong: ‘The methodological research of science must be combined with the practice of scientific work’,Philosophical Research, (7), (1980) 11–12.
Qiu Renzong: ‘Health, disease, aging, death — A preliminary approach to some fundamental concepts of medicine’,Knowledge of Encyclopedia, (8), (1980) 74–76.
Qiu Renzong: ‘On the origin of medicine and the theory of medicine originated from magic’,Chinese Journal of Medical History 11, (1981) 6–10.
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Ren Shu: ‘The basic theories of TCM and cybernetics’,Journal of TCM, (2), (1960) 62–66.
Ren Xiaofong: ‘Criticize comrade He Cheng's mistakes on the TCM policy’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 42, (1956) 105–109.
Ren Yingqiu: ‘On legends about the origin of medicine’,Jiangxi Journal of TCM and Pharmacy, (11), (1965) 6–9.
Ren Yingqiu: ‘The Yin Yang epistemology of TCM’,ibid., (3), (1956) 1.
Ren Yingqiu: ‘How to adopt a correct attitude toward the tradition of TCM’,Jiangsu Journal of TCM, (3), (1957) 1–2.
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Seminar of Dialectics of Nature, Guilin Medical School: ‘How to evaluate Virchow's cellular pathology’,Journal of Dialectics of Nature, (2), (1979) 33–39.
Shang Tianyu: ‘Recent advances in the therapy of fractures treated by combining TCM and Western medicine’,Journal of TCM, (10), (1979) 9–11.
Shen Yueran: ‘My understanding of TCM and of the combination of TCM and Western medicine’,Medicine and Philosophy, (3), (1980) 75–77.
Shen Ziyin: ‘A survey of the research work on the basic theory of TCM’,Journal of TCM, (10), (1979) 12–18.
Sheng Guoyong: ‘My view on the Yin Yang and Wu Xing theory in Nei Jing’,Shanghai Journal of TCM and Pharmacy, (3), (1957) 1–4.
Shi Cheng: ‘Some opinions’,Journal of New Medicine and Pharmacy, (4), (1976) 46–47.
Song Chuanyü et al.: ‘On multidisciplinary inquiry into TCM’,Medicine and Philosophy, (3), (1980) 26–28.
Song Xiangyuan: ‘From criticizing Wang Bin's thought to discussing the Yu Yunxiu's distortion of TCM’,Jiangxi Journal of TCM and Pharmacy, (9), (1955) 14–19.
Su Delong: ‘On control’,Medicine and Philosophy, (1), (1980) 33–37.
Sun Puquan et al.: ‘Cybernetics and the formation of TCM theory’,Information of New Medicine, (1), (1978) 26–32.
Sun Shaoqian: ‘Two practices, two theories — On understanding disease’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 39, (1953) 241–246.
Sun Xudong: ‘On the object and content of dialectics of medicine’,Medicine and Philosophy, (3), (1980) 82–84.
Tang Yubin: ‘The iatrogenic diseases and the dialectical thinking of doctors’,ibid., (1), (1980) 5–10.
Tao Chisun: ‘Preface to the history of new doctors' suffering’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 22, (1936) 1121–1135.
Wan Xuancal: ‘The evolution of the concept of human body’,Medicine and Philosophy, (1), (1980) 25–29.
Wang Bin: ‘Particular organizational form and ideological style of medicine and hygiene produced on the basis of particular politics and economy’,Dongbai Journal of Health 1, (1950) 5–10.
Wang Dazheng: ‘Correctly understand the role of subjective activity in medicine’,Wenhui Daily, April 14, 1961.
Wang Jimin: ‘The new document of medical ethics’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 30, (1944) 39–40.
Wang Jingwei: ‘Expect of medical circles’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 20, (1934) 453–455.
Wang Kejin: ‘On the development of medicine’,Chinese Journal of Medical History 4, (1953) 252–254.
Wang Minghui: ‘Study and evaluate the Wu Xing theory of TCM with the method of dialectical and historical materialism’,Journal of New Medicine and Pharmacy, (5), (1976) 43–45.
Wang Shiwen: ‘Where do correct diagnosis and treatment come from?’,Health Press, July 29, 1964.
Wang Shiwen: ‘Correct diagnosis and treatment come from medical practice’,Health Press, Jan. 23, 1965.
Wang Xinhua: ‘TCM on the dialectical relationship between internal and external causes and its guiding role in medicine’,Journal of TCM, (1), (1962) 6–9.
Wang Xuetai: ‘The embodiment of the law of contradiction in Bianzheng Shizhi’,Journal of Dialectics of Nature, (1), (1959) 4–8.
Wang Xuetai: ‘Second thoughts on the embodiment of the law of contradiction in Bianzheng Shizhi’,ibid., (4), (1959) 36–39.
Wang Ximing: ‘On the core of TCM's theoretical system’,Guangdong Journal of TCM, (6), (1963) 4–10.
Wang Yongyi: ‘Don't overestimate the role of book knowledge in diagnosis’,Health Press, Nov. 25, 1964.
Wang Zhenghai: ‘On some methodological problems in clinical research’,Medicine and Philosophy, (2), (1980) 35–40.
Wang Ziqiang: ‘Discuss the article ‘On the Wu Xing theory in Su Wen’ with Mr. Zou Zhuya’,Jiangsu Journal of TCM, (3), (1957) 3–6.
Wei Huang: ‘Testing hypotheses’,Wenhui Daily, Dec. 11, 1963.
Wen Zaidao: ‘The source of correct diagnosis and treatment — Repeated medical practice’,Health Press, Feb. 10, 1965.
Wu Shouling: ‘Discuss on the textbook ‘Physiology’ with Prof. Cai Qiao’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 40, (1954) 387–388.
Wu Yesong: ‘Don't regard book knowledge as an ‘infallible law’’,Health Press, Dec. 9, 1964.
Xiao Shouzhong: ‘On scientification of medical concepts and terms’,Medicine and Philosophy, (2), (1980) 87–88.
Xie Zhufan et al.: ‘A preliminary approach to some problems in clinical diagnosis’,ibid., (1), (1980) 11–14.
Xu Guangwei et al.: ‘Some remarks on the theoretical foundations of TCM’,Journal of Dialectics of Nature, (1), (1959) 9–12.
Xu Yunbei: ‘Doctors of TCM and Western medicine co-operate to promote health’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 46, (1960) 1–2.
Xu Yunbei: ‘Unfold the great work of people's health care’,ibid. 46, (1960) 248–252.
Xue Bai: ‘Don't make a fetish of medical theory, nor ignore it’,Health Press, Jan. 23, 1965.
Xue Zhe: ‘Some experience in studying dialectical materialism to improve the quality of clinical diagnosis’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 56, (1975) 347–350.
Yang Youxin: ‘Adopt a correct attitude toward the theory of TCM, critically inherit the Wu Xing theory’,Journal of New Medicine and Pharmacy, (6), (1976) 43–45.
Yu Yitie: ‘Does medicine have a political character or not?’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 36, (1950) 71–72.
Yu Yunxiu: ‘The past, present and future of the medical revolution’,ibid. 20, (1974) 11–23.
Yu Yunxiu: ‘My views on the history of medicine’,ibid. 22, (1936) 1007–1014.
Yuan Weimin: ‘The knowledge structure of clinical doctors’,Medicine and Philosophy, (3), (1980) 10–15.
Yue Meizhong: ‘Understand the Wu Xing theory before criticizing it’,Journal of New Medicine and Pharmacy, (12), (1975) 42.
Zhang Boyuan et al.: ‘The present situation of psychosomatic medicine and its perspectives’,Medicine and Philosophy, (1), (1980) 71–76.
Zhang Cigong: ‘Talk about ‘The imperial doctors and the Wu Xing theory’ of Mr. Zhang Taiyan’,New TCM and Pharmacy 7, (1956) 437–438.
Zhang Mancheng: ‘Dissent from the article ‘The slogan ‘Create China's unified new medicine and pharmacy’ is open to question’’,Medicine and Philosophy, (3), (1980) 72–73.
Zhang Shuxiu: ‘Don't apply book knowledge mechanically’,Health Press, Dec. 16, 1964.
Zhang Size: ‘Fully bringing the unity of the human body to light is the strategic direction of theoretical research in modern medicine’,Philosophical Research, (6), (1979) 61–67
Zhang Tiesan: ‘The Wu Xing theory of TCM should be rejected’,Journal of New Medicine and Pharmacy, (4), (1976) 44–45.
Zhang Weifong: ‘An approach to the methodology of TCM, and the Yin Yang theory’,Academic Periodical of Nanjing First Medical College, (1), (1959) 7–16.
Zhang Xiaoqian: ‘Experience in studying the articles ‘On practice’ and ‘On contradiction’ and in applying them to clinical work’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 51, (1965) 67–70.
Zhang Zanchen: ‘On the problem of retaining or abandoning the Wu Xing theory in TCM’,Journal of TCM, (8), (1957) 436.
Zhang Zhiqiang: ‘The creation of combined therapy of TCM and Western medicine is a victory of Mao Zedong's thought in medicine’,People's Daily, Aug. 12, 1960.
Zheng Zhaoqi: ‘The ‘Temperament theory’ and ‘Physical type theory’ in ancient China’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 43, (1957) 547–549.
Zhu Jian: ‘Criticize Wang Bin's bourgeois thought of discriminating against TCM’,ibid. 41, (1955) 299–302.
Zhu Wenfong: ‘Also comment on the Wu Xing theory’,Journal of New Medicine and Pharmacy, (7), (1976) 43–45.
Zhu Xiangyao: ‘Pavlov's research on higher nervous activity and its importance’,Chinese Journal of Medicine 39, (1953) 280–286.
Zhu Jiqing: ‘Medical circles today’,ibid 27, (1941) 147–152.
Zou Zhuya: ‘An approach to the Wu Xing theory in Su Wen’,Jiangsu Journal of TCM, (1), (1957) 7–9.
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Editor's Note: Because of the West's ever-increasing interest in Chinese culture and science, I requested Professor Qiu Renzong, one of China's leading experts in the philosophy of medicine, to write a survey article on the recent history and development of this field in China. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Professor Renzong for struggling with and overcoming language and cultural barriers, and for providingMetamedicine with this comprehensive survey. It is hoped that the readers will find the article as informative and revealing about modern philosophy of medicine in China as I did.
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Renzong, Q. Philosophy of medicine in China (1930–1980). Metamedicine 3, 35–73 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00882715
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00882715