Abstract
This article is divided into two main sections. The first discusses “Female Inheritance and the Male Retention Hypothesis.” Permanent groups (groups with no inherent limit on group longevity) exist in several species because over generations members share important interests. Considering the association between cooperation and degree of relatedness, it seems to follow that a collective interest is more likely to be achieved when members show a higher degree of relatedness. I argue that if membership is inherited by only one sex, and this is the female sex, this results in a higher degree of relatedness between group members than when membership is inherited by both sexes, or by males only. Indeed, this is found in the overwhelming majority of species of insects, fish, birds, and mammals living in permanent groups. The (few) exceptions to the rule are briefly discussed. Humans are of special interest because human preindustrial societies tend to show either male or female inheritance. The second section asks, “Do Moralizing Gods Raise Paternity Confidence?” Since males inherit valuable membership in patrilocal/lineal societies, they are expected to be more concerned about the probability of paternity than males in matrilocal/lineal societies. Moral rules, and specifically belief in moralizing gods, are expected to reflect this difference. An analysis of cross-cultural data of preindustrial societies does not refute the hypothesis that moralizing gods are more often found in patrilocal/lineal societies, nor is this hypothesis unambiguously supported.
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Notes
Pierre van den Berghe (personal communication, 11 January 2012): “There is, of course, an enormous amount of noise in the HRAF data, so, while positive findings are persuasive, non-significant ones don't necessarily mean much. However, since most of your correlations were weak and non-significant, but all in the predicted direction, I consider your hypothesis fairly well supported.”
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Acknowledgments
I very much appreciate the contributions to this paper made by Katherine Cummings, Carol Ember, John Hartung, Hamilton McMillan, Pierre van den Berghe, and an anonymous reviewer.
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Roes, F.L. Permanent Group Membership. Biol Theory 9, 318–324 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-014-0169-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-014-0169-8