References
Edmund B. Wilson, The Physical Basis of Life (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1923), pp. 46–47.
Garland Allen, Life Science in the Twentieth Century (New York: Wiley & Sons, 1975; Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 106.
I mention this example because it was suggested to me by Allen in a private letter.
Garland Allen, Life Science in the Twentieth Century New York: Wiley & Sons, 1975, pp. 105–106.
Garland Allen, Life Science in the Twentieth Century New York: Wiley & Sons, 1975, pp. 102–103.
John Parascandola, “Organismic and Holistic Concepts in the Thought of L. J. Henderson,” J. Hist. Biol., 4 (1971), 63–114.
Garland Allen, Life Science in the Twentieth Century New York: Wiley & Sons, 1975, p. 120.
Max Delbrück, “A Physicist Looks at Biology,” Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., 38 (1949), 173–190.
Among the supporters of this doctrine were the philosophers C. D. Broad, Samuel Alexander, and A. O. Lovejoy and the psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan. A thorough and critical analysis of the doctrine of emergence is given by Ernest Nagel in The Structure of Science (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961).
C. D. Broad, The Mind and Its Place in Nature (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1925), p. 59.
C. D. Broad, The Mind and Its Place in Nature (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1925), p. 62.
C. D. Broad, The Mind and Its Place in Nature (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1925), pp. 65–66.
See Helge Kragh, “Anatomy of a Priority Conflict: The Case of Element 72,” Centaurus, 23 (1978), 275–301.
Ernest Nagel in The Structure of Science (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961), p. 371.
C. D. Broad, The Mind and Its Place in Nature (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1925), p. 66.
Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Theoretische Biologie, vol. 1, (Berlin: Borntraeger, 1932).
Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Theoretische Biologie, vol. 1, (Berlin: Borntraeger, 1932), pp. 50–51.
Ludwig von Bertalanffy, The Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological and Scientific Thought (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1960), p. 124 (1st ed. London, 1952).
Ludwig von Bertalanffy, The Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological and Scientific Thought (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1960), p. 125 (1st ed. London, 1952).
Nils Roll-Hansen, “Critical Teleology: Immanuel Kant and Claude Bernard on the Limitations of Experimental Biology,” J. Hist. Biol., 9 (1976), 59–91.
J. S. Haldane, Mechanism, Life and Personality (New York: Dutton, 1923).
J. S. Haldane, Mechanism, Life and Personality (New York: Dutton, 1923). p. 58.
J. S. Haldane, Mechanism, Life and Personality (New York: Dutton, 1923)., p. 70.
J. S. Haldane, Mechanism, Life and Personality (New York: Dutton, 1923)., p. 104.
E. S. Russell, Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology (London: John Murray, 1916), pp. v, 364.
E. S. Russell, Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology (London: John Murray, 1916), p. 345.
E. S. Russell, The Study of Living Things: Prolegomena to a Functional Biology (London: Methuen & Co., 1924), p. ix.
E. S. Russell, The Study of Living Things: Prolegomena to a Functional Biology (London: Methuen & Co., 1924), pp. x-xi.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), p. 163.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), pp. 163–164.
E. S. Russell, The Study of Living Things: Prolegomena to a Functional Biology (London: Methuen & Co., 1924), p. 56.
E. S. Russell, The Study of Living Things: Prolegomena to a Functional Biology (London: Methuen & Co., 1924), p. 39.
E. S. Russell, The Study of Living Things: Prolegomena to a Functional Biology (London: Methuen & Co., 1924), pp. 63–64.
E. S. Russell, The Study of Living Things: Prolegomena to a Functional Biology (London: Methuen & Co., 1924), p. 91.
E. S. Russell, The Study of Living Things: Prolegomena to a Functional Biology (London: Methuen & Co., 1924), p. 95.
E. S. Russell, The Study of Living Things: Prolegomena to a Functional Biology (London: Methuen & Co., 1924), p. 30.
E. S. Russell, The Study of Living Things: Prolegomena to a Functional Biology (London: Methuen & Co., 1924), p. 118.
E. S. Russell, The Study of Living Things: Prolegomena to a Functional Biology (London: Methuen & Co., 1924), p. 128.
E. S. Russell, The Study of Living Things: Prolegomena to a Functional Biology (London: Methuen & Co., 1924), p. 132.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), pp. 1–2.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), pp. 61–62.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), p. 62.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), p. 155.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), p. 307.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), p. 287.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), p. 67.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), p. 70.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), p. 75.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), p. 74n.
J. R. Gregg and F. T. C. Harris, eds., Form and Strategy in Science: Studies Dedicated to Joseph Henry Woodger on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday (Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1964), p. 5.
Donna Haraway, Crystals, Fabrics and Fields (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 128 ff.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 9 (reprinted New York: Humanities Press, 1967 with a new introduction).
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 3.
J. H. Woodger, “Studies in the Foundation of Genetics,” in Henkin, Suppes, and Tarski, eds., The Axiomatic Method (Amsterdam, 1959).
Michael Ruse, “Woodger on Genetics, a Critical Evaluation,” Acta Biotheoret., 24 (1975), 1–13.
Ibid., p. 2.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 56. This is Woodger's quotation from Wilson, for which he gives no reference.
I have discussed Wilson's reductionism and his role in the drosophila group in an earlier paper; see Nils Roll-Hansen, “Drosophila Genetics: A Reductionist Research Program,” J. Hist. Biol., 11 (1978), 159–210.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 55.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 115.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), pp. 57, 237, 320.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), pp. 82–83.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), pp. 113 ff.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 134.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 85.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 89.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 135.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 280.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), pp. 280–281.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 370.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), pp. 394–399, 404.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), pp. 229–230.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 271.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 481.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 310.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 353.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 290.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 311.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 285.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 404.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 407.
See for instance Harmke Kammiga, “Studies in the History of Ideas on the Origin of Life,” Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1980.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 337.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), pp. 337–338.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), pp. 358–361.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. 1929), p. 410.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), note 55 pp. 367–368. In Woodger's own words, the argument runs as follows: “Professor Morgan seems to have neglected Whitehead's maxim: ‘Seek simplicity and distrust it’. Such an hypothesis is certainly simple but if it cannot be tested experimentally (and as there are supposed to be many different genes in each chromosome it obviously cannot) it can hardly be called a good working one. The only way in which such an hypothesis can be tested is by its consilience with the rest of knowledge. Let us therefore apply this test. Now since both chemical molecules and genes are hypothetical entities with which no one claims to be directly acquainted they are only known by definition. Consequently, if the properties of the one by definition are inconsistent with the properties of the other then the two kinds of particles cannot be identified. Now a chemical molecule is by definition the smallest particle of a certain kind of stuff which can exist. If it is divided you no longer have a particle with the same properties. A molecule of water is believed to have quite different properties from a molecule or atom of either oxygen or hydrogen. Now compare this with the genes. As Professor Wilson says, they must be ‘capable of division’ since they are ‘self-perpetuating’ and nevertheless ’preserve their identity from one generation of cells to another’. We find in fact that the properties attributed to them are little short of all the fundamental properties of living things. They seem to be living organisms in miniature. At all events they are capable of division in the biological sense into two parts with similar properties. This is admitted on all hands. If it is not admitted the hypothesis breaks down. Consequently the genes cannot possibly be identified with chemical molecules as understood and defined by chemists.”
H. J. Muller, “The Gene as the Basis of Life,” reprinted in Studies in Genetics (Indiana University Press, 1962), pp. 188–204; quotation on p. 188.
E. S. Russell, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity: A Study in Biological Method (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930), p. 146.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 353.
J. H. Woodger, Biological Principles: A Critical Study (London: K. Pauk, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1929), p. 325.
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Roll-Hansen, N. E. S. Russell and J. H. Woodger: The failure of two twentieth-century opponents of mechanistic biology. J Hist Biol 17, 399–428 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00126370
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00126370