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35-year-old American affirming the antecedent affirming the consequent analogy appeal argument forms argument from authority asserts barrel are grade basic diagram basis beans categorical statements categorical syllogism causal relations coffee conditional statement confirmatory instance consequent Consider diamonds effect end term equivalence evidence example F are G fact feels inferior given human hypothesis important induction by enumeration inductively correct inference intensional definition invalid involved justification logically correct logician means ment method of agreement middle term Mill's methods necessary cause negative premises not-p objects observational prediction occur P-circle percent person philosophical predicate term premises are true prior probability problem reason reductio ad absurdum region relevant reliable anti-authority reliable authority rules sample schema scientific second premise statistical syllogism subject term survive for three symbols temperature term is distributed things tion true premises truth table truth value undistributed valid deductive argument whales word