Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T16:01:32.968Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

What is a Woman? Butler and Beauvoir on the Foundations of the Sexual Difference

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2020

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to show that Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex has been mistakenly interpreted as a theory of gender, because interpreters have failed adequately to understand Beauvoir's aims. Beauvoir is not trying to explain facts, events, or states of affairs, but to reveal, unveil, or uncover (découvrir) meanings. She explicates the meanings of woman, female, and feminine. Instead of a theory, Beauvoir's book presents a phenomenological description of the sexual difference.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alanen, Lilli. 1989. Descartes' dualism and the philosophy of mind. Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale (3): 391413.Google Scholar
Baier, Annette. 1981. Cartesian persons. In Postures of the mind: Essays on mind and morals. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Baier, Annette. 1990. What are emotions about? In Philosophical perspectives: Action theory and philosophy of mind, ed. Tomberlin, James E.California: Ridgeview Publishing Company.Google Scholar
de Beauvoir, Simone. [1949] 1993. Le deuxième sexe I: Les faits et les mythes. Paris: Gallimard;. The second sex. Trans, and ed. H.M. Parshley. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
de Beauvoir, Simone. [1949] 1991. Le deuxième sexe II: L'expérience vécue. Paris: Gallimard;. The second sex. Trans, and ed. H.M. Parshley. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
de Beauvoir, Simone. 1955. Merleau‐Ponty et le pseudo‐sartrisme. Les Temps Modernes (10): 2072–123.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1986. Variations of sex and gender: Beauvoir, Wittig, Foucault. In Essays on the politics of gender in late‐capitalist societies, ed. Benhabib, Seyla and Cornell, Drucilla. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1989. Sexual ideology and phenomenological description: A feminist critique of Merleau‐Ponty's Phenomenology of perception. In The thinking muse: Feminism and modem French philosophy, ed. Allen, Jeffner and Young, Iris Marion. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1990a. Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1990b. Performative acts and gender constitution: An essay in phenomenology and feminist theory. In Performing feminism: Feminist critical theory and theatre, ed. Case, Sue‐Ellen. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1993. Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of “sex”. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chanter, Tina. 1995. Ethics of Eros: Irigaray's rewriting of the philosophers. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Code, Lorraine. 1991. What can she know? Feminist theory and the construction of knowledge. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Dallery, Arleen B. 1990. Sexual embodiment: Beauvoir and French feminism (écriture féminine). In Hypatia reborn: Essays in feminist philosophy, ed. Al‐Hibri, Azizah Y. and Simons, Margaret A.Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Descartes, René. [1641] 1990. Meditations on first philosophy. Trans.Cottingham, John. In The philosophical works of Descartes, Volume II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Descartes, René. [1649] 1990. The passions of the soul. Trans.Stoothoff, Robert. In The philosophical writings of Descartes, Volume I. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dietz, Mary G. 1992. Introduction: Debating Simone de Beauvoir. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 18(1): 7588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillon, Martin C. 1983. Merleau‐Ponty and the reversibility thesis. Man and World 16: 365–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillon, Martin C. 1988. Merleau‐Ponty's ontology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Diprose, Rosalyn. 1994. The bodies of women: Ethics, embodiment and sexual difference. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Edie, James M. 1987. Edmund Husserl's phenomenology: A critical commentary. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Firestone, Shulamith. 1971. The dialectic of sex: The case for feminist revolution. London: Women's Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. [1976] 1984. The history of sexuality: An introduction. Trans.Hurley, Robert. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. [1920] 1990. The psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman. In Case histories II., Trans.Strachey, Jameset al. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Gatens, Moira. [1983] 1991. The critique of the sex/gender distinction. In A reader in feminist knowledge, ed. Gunew, Senja. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Greenson, Ralph R. 1964. On homosexual and gender identity. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 45(4).Google ScholarPubMed
Greer, Germaine. 1970. The female eunuch. New York: Bantam Books.Google Scholar
Grosz, Elizabeth. 1994. Volatile bodies: Toward corporeal feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Haaparanta, Leila. 1994. Intentionality, intuition and the computational theory of mind. In Mind, meaning and mathematics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, Sandra. 1986. The science question in feminism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Heinämaa, Sara. 1989. Imettävä akateemikko. In Naisen tieto, ed. Heinämaa, Sara. Helsinki: Art House.Google Scholar
Heinämaa, Sara. 1996a. Ele, tyyli ja sukupuoli: Merleau‐Pontyn ja Beauvoirin ruumiinfenomenologia ja sen merkitys sukupuolikysymykselle. Helsinki: Gaudeamus;. Gesture, style and sex: Merleau‐Ponty's and Beauvoir's phenomenology of the body and its relevance to the problem of sexual difference.Google Scholar
Heinämaa, Sara. 1996b. Woman‐nature, product, style? Rethinking the foundations of feminist philosophy of science. In Feminism, science and the philosophy of science, ed. Nelson, Lynn Hankinson and Nelson, Jack. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Heinämaa, Sara. 1996c. Difference and wonder: An essay on the phenomenological gestures of Luce Irigaray. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Hekman, Susan J. 1990. Gender and knowledge: Elements of a postmodern feminism. Cambridge MA: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hussetl, Edmund. [1913] 1950. Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenobgischen Phibsophie I, Husserliana, Band III. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff;. Ideas: General introduction to pure phenomenology. Trans. W.R. Boyce Gibson. New York and London: Collier.Google Scholar
Hussetl, Edmund. 1952. Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenobgie und phanomenobgischen Phibsophie II, Husserliana, Band IV. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Hussetl, Edmund. 1954. Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenobgie, Husserliana, Band VI. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff;. The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenobgy. Trans. David Carr. Evanston: Northwestern Univeisity Press.Google Scholar
Irigaray, Luce. 1984. Éthique de la différence sexuelk. Paris: Minuit;. An ethics of sexual difference. Trans. Carolyn Burke and Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Ann E. 1992. Review of Gender trouble. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 17(4): 343–48.Google Scholar
Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1985. Reflections on gender and science. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kruks, Sonia. 1990. Situation and human existence: Freedom, subjectivity and society. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kruks, Sonia. 1992. Gender and subjectivity: Simone de Beauvoir and contemporary feminism. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 18(1): 7588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Caze, Marguerite. 1994. Simone de Beauvoir and female bodies. Australian Feminist Studies (20): 91105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Doeuff, Michèle. [1979] 1980. Simone de Beauvoir and existentialism. Trans. Gordon, Colin. Feminist Studies 6(2): 277–89.Google Scholar
Le Doeuff, Michèle. [1989] 1991. Hipparchia's choice: An essay concerning women, philosophy etc. Trans.Selous, Trista. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Levinas, Emmanuel. [1933] 1994. Le temps et l'autre. Paris: Quadrige/PUF;. Time and the other. Trans. R.A. Cohen. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Genevieve. 1984. The man of reason: ‘Male’ and ‘female’ in Western philosophy. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Lorey, Isabell. 1993. Der Körper als Text und das aktuelle Selbst: Butler und Foucault. Feministische Studien 11(1): 1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundgren‐Gothlin, Eva. 1991. Kön och existens: Studier i Simone de Beauvoirs Le deuxième sexe. Göteborg: Daidalos;. Sex and existence: Simone de Beauvoir's The second sex. London: Athlona.Google Scholar
Lundgren‐Gothlin, Eva. 1995. Gender and ethics in the philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir. Nora: Nordic Journal of Women's Studies 3(1): 313.Google Scholar
Mallin, Samuel B. 1979. Merleau‐Ponty's philosophy. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Melden, A.I. 1961. Free action. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Merleau‐Ponty, Maurice. [1945] 1993. Phénoménologie de la perception. Paris: Gallimard;. Phenomenology of perception. Trans. Colin Smith. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Merleau‐Ponty, Maurice. [1960] 1987. Signs. Trans.McClearly, Richard C.Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Merleau‐Ponty, Maurice. [1964] 1986. Le visible et l'invisible, ed. Lefort, Claude. Paris: Gallimard;. The visible and the invisible. Trans. Alphonso Lingis. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Millett, Kate. 1969. Sexual politics. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
Moi, Toril. 1994. Simone de Beauvoir: The making of an intellectual woman. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Oakley, Ann. 1972. Sex, gender and society. London: Temple Smith.Google Scholar
Pulkkinen, Tuija. 1996. The postmodern and political agency. Helsinki: Hakapaino.Google Scholar
Rorty, Amélie Oksenberg. 1992. Descartes on thinking with the body. In The Cambridge companion to Descartes, ed. Cottingham, John. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rose, Hilary. 1994. Love, power and knowledge: Towards a feminist transformation of the sciences. London: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Ruotsalainen, Ritva. 1995. Kadotettu sukupuoli. Tiede&edistys 20(4): 310–17. In English Lost sex, constructed gender. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Seigfried, Charlene Haddock. 1990. Second sex: Second thoughts. In Hypatia reborn: Essays in feminist philosophy, ed. Al‐Hibri, Azizah Y. and Simons, Margaret A.Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Simons, Margaret A. 1983. The silencing of Simone de Beauvoir: Guess what's missing from The second sex? Women's Studies International Forum 6(5): 559–64.Google Scholar
Simons, Margaret A. 1989. Two interviews with Simone de Beauvoir. Hypatia 3(3): 1227.Google Scholar
Stoller, Robert. 1964. A contribution to the study of gender identity. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 45(4): 220–26.Google Scholar
Stoller, Robert. 1968. Sex and gender: The development of femininity and masculinity. London: Maresfield Reprints.Google Scholar
Stoutland, Frederick. 1970. The logical connection argument. American Philosophical Quarterly 7: 117–29.Google Scholar
Svenneby, Elin. 1995…. and there is the problem of the sexes. In Knowing women, ed. Andersson, Åsa and Kalman, Hildur. Umeå: Umeå Universitetstryckeri.Google Scholar
Von Wright, Georg Henrik. [1971] 1993. Explanation and understanding. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Weston, Kath. 1993. Do clothes make the woman? Gender performance theory, and lesbian eroticism. Genders 17: 121.Google Scholar
Zerilli, Linda M.G. 1991. “I am a woman”: Female voice and ambiguity in The second sex. Women and politics 11(1): 93108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zerilli, Linda M.G. 1992. A process without a subject: Simone de Beauvoir and Julia Kristeva on maternity. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 18(1): 111–35.Google Scholar