Abstract
Cities as we know them are built on layers of their own pasts. Moreover, cities remember themselves by preserving historic buildings, erecting statues, writing history into the names of streets, and otherwise conserving and commemorating local heritage. With widespread computerisation and computer networks come new and diverse layers of the city: digital geographies that overlie physical urban sprawl. The city of tomorrow will blend data deeply into its culture and administration; the day after tomorrow, such data will have joined the layers of its historic past. Digitisation promises to become so intimately involved in the city that its layers of data invite consideration as part of the city itself. This chapter traces how the cultural geography of a city will encompass its digital geography, and what the limitless layers of networked data portend for the cultural significance of public urban space.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson, D. (2015). Imaginary cities. London: Influx Press.
Artvertiser. (n.d.). The Artvertiser: improved reality. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://theartvertiser.com/
BBC News. (2008). No plan to ban ‘anti-teen’ device. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7241527.stm
BBC News. (2016). Pokemon Go in Indian court for ‘hurting religious sentiments’. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-37294286
BBC News. (2017). New app reveals secrets of London’s ghost signs. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-london-39155680/new-app-reveals-secrets-of-london-s-ghost-signs
Bennetts, M. (2016). Russians fear Pokemon Go a Western plot to destabilize nation from within. Washington Times. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jul/28/russians-fear-pokemon-go-a-western-plot-to-destabi/
Beuttenmüller, A. (2018). Niantic partners with UNWTO’s Travel.Enjoy.Respect program. Retrieved July 13, 2019, from https://nianticlabs.com/blog/unwto2018/
Bienkowski, P. (2013). Whose past? Archaeological knowledge, community knowledge, and the embracing of conflict. In G. F. Scarre & R. Coningham (Eds.), Appropriating the past: Philosophical perspectives on the practice of archaeology (pp. 42–62). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Blenkinsop, C. (2018). World’s capital cities to gain augmented reality layer through ‘digital land’. Cointelegraph. Retrieved July 13, 2019, from https://cointelegraph.com/news/worlds-capital-cities-to-gain-augmented-reality-layer-through-digital-land
Bostanci, E., Kanwal, N., & Clark, A. F. (2015). Augmented reality applications for cultural heritage using Kinect. Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, 5(1), 20. [20 is the paper number, used by the journal in lieu of a page range. Pages in this journal appear to be numbered uniquely per paper, in this case 1–18.].
Brunner, C. (2011). Nice-looking obstacles: Parkour as urban practice of deterritorialization. AI & SOCIETY, 26(2), 143–152.
Buckley, R., Morris, M., Appleby, J., King, T., O’Sullivan, D., & Foxhall, L. (2013). ‘The king in the car park’: New light on the death and burial of Richard III in the Grey friars church, Leicester, in 1485. Antiquity, 87(336), 519–538. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00049103.
Bushman K. (2017). Pokemon Go trash. Retrieved March 13, 2018, https://www.openstreetmap.org/user/BushmanK/diary/40341
Calvium. (n.d.-a). Artist-led soundwalks in Belfast. Retrieved March 13, 2018, https://calvium.com/projects/belfast-soundwalks/
Calvium. (n.d.-b). Helping residents to conserve Bristol’s buildings ‘at risk’. Retrieved March 13, 2018, https://calvium.com/projects/heritage-eye/
Cameron, C. (2012). Stiktu 2.0 now out and available worldwide. Layar Blog. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://www.layar.com/news/blog/2012/06/12/stiktu-2-available-worldwide/
de Certeau, M. (1984). The practice of everyday life. (S. Rendall, Trans. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Coleman, E. G. (2013). Coding freedom: The ethics and aesthetics of hacking. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cresci, E. (2017). Russian YouTuber convicted for playing Pokémon Go in church. Guardian. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/11/pokemon-go-russian-youtuber-convicted-playing-church-ruslan-sokolovsky
Cunliffe, R. (2016). Delusional governments crusade against Pokemon Go. Reaction. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://reaction.life/delusional-governments-crusade-against-pokemon-go/
Dedale. (n.d.). Augmented reality: enriching culture. Digital meets Culture. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from http://www.digitalmeetsculture.net/article/augmented-reality-enriching-culture/
Tom Dieck, M. C., & Jung, T. H. (2017). Value of augmented reality at cultural heritage sites: A stakeholder approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(2), 110–117.
van Dijck, J. (2008). Digital photography: Communication, identity, memory. Visual Communication, 7(1), 57–76.
Dobran, B. (n.d.). Digital cultural heritage vital for shaping future smart cities. Council of Europe. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://www.coe.int/en/web/culture-and-heritage/-/digital-cultural-heritage-vital-for-shaping-future-smart-cities
Dormehl, L. (2014). Free app swaps New York subway ads for street art. Cult of Mac. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://www.cultofmac.com/298127/ad-turns-new-york-subway-street-art-wonderland/.
Dunn, N., Cureton, P. (2018). Tomorrow’s city today: Palimpsest of the future. Smartness? Between Discourse and Practice. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://www.smartness-discoursepractice.org/tomorrows-city-today.
Durham University (2008). Durham’s world heritage site expands. Retrieved March 10, 2018, from https://www.dur.ac.uk/news/newsitem/?itemno=6941
Espinoza, J. (2016). Cecil Rhodes statue to remain at Oxford university after alumni threaten to withdraw millions. Telegraph. Retrieved March 10, 2018, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/12128151/Cecil-Rhodes-statue-to-remain-at-Oxford-University-after-alumni-threatens-to-withdraw-millions.html
Gardner, E. (2017). Milwaukee, Wisconsin, sued for requiring permits on augmented reality games. Hollywood reporter. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/milwaukee-wisconsin-sued-requiring-permits-augmented-reality-games-996320
Guadamuz, A. (2016). Pokémon go has revealed a new battleground for virtual privacy. The conversation. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://theconversation.com/pokemon-go-has-revealed-a-new-battleground-for-virtual-privacy-62670
Guin, J. (2017). Augmented reality tactics for heritage interpretation. Voices of the past. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from http://voicesofthepast.org/2017/04/14/augmented-reality/
Hatfield, T. (2014). Ingress: The game that reveals Google’s secret war to control London. Guardian. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/04/ingress-the-game-that-reveals-googles-secret-war-to-control-london
Hewison, R. (2016). What’s at stake in digitising heritage sites such as the Lascaux cave? Apollo Magazine. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://www.apollo-magazine.com/digitising-heritage-sites-lascaux-cave/
Ihaza, J. (2014). This Year’s VIA festival was crawling with augmented reality graffiti. Vice. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://creators.vice.com/en_uk/article/nz4ezm/this-years-via-festival-was-crawling-with-augmented-reality-graffiti
Jardine, A. (2017). Y&R’s augmented reality app creates virtual statues of women in public spaces. Creativity online. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from http://creativity-online.com/work/yr-new-york-the-whole-story-project/51687
Karlin, S. (2013). Augmented reality for public spaces: BC “heavy” Biermann creates high-tech art projects with a civic mission. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6471051
Katyal, S. K. (2017). Technoheritage. California Law Review, 105(4), 1111–1172.
Kelly, K. (2019). AR will spark the next big tech platform—Call it Mirrorworld. Retrieved July 13, 2019, from https://www.wired.com/story/mirrorworld-ar-next-big-tech-platform/
Krall, H. (2010). Hot dog of the week: Toronto street meat. Serious Eats. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://www.seriouseats.com/2010/01/hot-dog-of-the-week-toronto-street-meat.html
LaFrance, A. (2015). When you give a tree an email address. The Atlantic. Retrieved July 6, 2018, from https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/when-you-give-a-tree-an-email-address/398210/
Langston, J. (2017). Singing posters and talking shirts: UW engineers turn everyday objects into FM radio stations. UW News. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://www.washington.edu/news/2017/03/01/singing-posters-and-talking-shirts-uw-engineers-turn-everyday-objects-into-fm-radio-stations/
Lessig, L. (2008). Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy. London: Bloomsbury.
Liberati, N. (2017). Phenomenology, Pokémon Go, and other augmented reality games. Human Studies, 41, 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-017-9450-8.
Mahdawi, A. (2015). Can cities kick ads? Inside the global movement to ban urban billboards. Guardian. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/aug/11/can-cities-kick-ads-ban-urban-billboards
Manaugh, G. (2016). The burglar’s guide to the city. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Manaugh, G. (2019). Ghosts only cars can perceive. Retrieved July 6, 2019, from http://www.bldgblog.com/2019/07/ghosts-only-cars-can-perceive/
Mika, M. (2013). Why I hacked donkey Kong for my daughter. Wired. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://www.wired.com/2013/03/donkey-kong-pauline-hack/
Milling, K. (2014). ‘TXTilecity’: Mapping a cultural space. Culture in Virtual Spaces (Cultural Institute, King’s College London). Retrieved March, 13, 2018, from https://culturalvirtualspaces.wordpress.com/2014/06/17/txtilecity/
Moscow Times. (2016). Moscow authorities to launch their own version of Pokemon Go. Moscow Times. Retrieved March, 13, 2018, from https://themoscowtimes.com/news/moscow-authorities-to-launch-their-own-version-of-pokemon-go-54716
Moshenska, G. (2015). Curated ruins and the endurance of conflict heritage. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 17(1), 77–90.
NO AD. (n.d.) About. Retrieved March, 14, 2018, from http://noad-app.com/about/
Probst, P. (2007). Picturing the past: Heritage, photography and the politics of appearance in a Yoruba city. In F. de Jong & M. Rowlands (Eds.), Reclaiming heritage: Alternative imaginaries of memory in West Africa (pp. 99–125). London: Routledge.
Reahard, J. (2011). GDC 2011: Grey Area’s shadow cities redefines mobile MMORPGs and immersion. Engadget. Retrieved March, 13, 2018, from https://www.engadget.com/2011/03/07/gdc-2011-gray-areas-shadow-cities-redefines-mobile-mmorpgs-and/
Revell, T. (2017). Thousands of fake companies added to Google maps every month. New Scientist. Retrieved March 14, 2018, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2127150-thousands-of-fake-companies-added-to-google-maps-every-month/
de Ridder, M. (2015). Europeana: Utilizing the cultural past to create an urban future. Business Models Inc. Retrieved March, 13, 2018, from https://web.archive.org/web/20151115190752/http://www.businessmodelsinc.com/europeana-utilizing-the-cultural-past-to-create-an-urban-future/
Saha, D., & Mukherjee, A. (2003). Pervasive computing: A paradigm for the 21st century. Computer, 36(3), 25–31.
Seddon, R. F. J. (2017). Video games and virtual reality. In A. F. Beavers (Ed.), Macmillan interdisciplinary handbooks: Philosophy: Technology (pp. 191–216). Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference USA.
Sheeter, L. (2009). Sentient cities may answer back. BBC News. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8310627.stm
Shrubsole, G. (2017). How Land Registry data reveals London’s secret tunnels. Who Owns England? Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://whoownsengland.org/2017/12/15/how-land-registry-data-reveals-londons-secret-tunnels/
SmartSantander. (2012). SmartSantanderRA: Santander Augmented Reality application. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from http://www.smartsantander.eu/index.php/blog/item/174-smartsantanderra-santander-augmented-reality-application
Smith, M. (2017). Policing in the future involves citizen detectives and a Pokémon go-like app. CSO Online. Retrieved July 13, 2019, from https://www.csoonline.com/article/3232367/policing-in-the-future-involves-citizen-detectives-and-a-pokemon-go-like-app.html
Sontag, S. (2004). Regarding the pain of others. London: Penguin.
Telefónica IoT Team. (2016). How to protect Smart City cultural heritage. Telefónica. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://iot.telefonica.com/blog/how-to-protect-smart-city-cultural-heritage
Traverso, V. (2017). Learning about cities by mapping their smells: The English artist Kate McLean is trying to preserve our olfactory memory. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved March 10, 2018, from https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/art-mapping-smell-smellscapes-kate-mclean
Tsukayama, H. (2016). Pokémon go developer says ads are coming, and shops are already luring gamers in. Washington Post. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/14/pokemon-go-makes-a-change-to-make-even-more-money/
UNESCO (n.d.). Durham Castle and cathedral. Retrieved March 10, 2018, from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/370
Vattano, S. (2014). Smart technology for smart regeneration of cultural heritage: Italian smart cities in comparison. Museums and the web. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://mwf2014.museumsandtheweb.com/paper/smart-technology-for-smart-regeneration-of-cultural-heritage-italian-smart-cities-in-comparison/
vGIS. (n.d.). See infrastructure like never before. Retrieved July 6, 2019, from https://www.vgis.io/esri-augmented-reality-gis-ar-for-utilities-municipalities-locate-and-municipal-service-companies/
Wakefield, J. (2017). Tomorrow’s cities - nightmare vision of the future? BBC News. Retrieved March 13, 2018, fromhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-37384152
Weiser, M. (1991). The computer for the 21st century. Scientific American, 265(3), 94–104.
White, S. K. (2017). What is geofencing? Putting location to work. IDG Communications. Retrieved March 5, 2018, from https://www.cio.com/article/2383123/mobile/geofencing-explained.html
Zöllner, M., Becker, M., & Keil, J. (2010). Snapshot augmented reality—Augmented photography. In A. Artusi, M. Joly-Parvex, G. Lucet, A. Ribes, & D. Pitzalis (Eds.), 11th international symposium on virtual reality, archaeology and cultural heritage (VAST 2010) (pp. 53–56). Paris: Eurographics Association.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Seddon, R. (2021). Ghost Walks for Wireless Networks. In: Nagenborg, M., Stone, T., González Woge, M., Vermaas, P.E. (eds) Technology and the City. Philosophy of Engineering and Technology, vol 36. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52313-8_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52313-8_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52312-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52313-8
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)