(1) The literature on this topic has been extensive : R. Riedl, Mars Ultor in Ovids Fasten, Heuremata 10 (Amsterdam, 1989) : passim, 74ff. ; J. H. Croon, 'Die Ideologie des Marskultes unter dem Principat und ihre Vorgeschichte', ANRW IL 17,1 (1981) : 246-275 (at 254f. — the views are thoroughly conventional) ; M. Bonnefond, 'Transferts de fonctions et mutation idéologique : Le Capitole et le Forum d'Auguste', L'Urbs. Espace urbain et histoire (ier siècle av. J.-C.-me siècle ap. J.-C), CEFR 98 (Rome, 1987) : 252-278 ; F. Cassola, 'I templi di Marte Ultore e i Ludi Martiales', Scritti sul mondo antico in memoria di Fulvio Grosso, éd. L. Gasperini, Univ. Macerata Pubblicazioni délia Facolta di Lettere e Filosofia 9 (Rome, 198 1) : 99-1 1 8) ; J. Ganzert and V. Kockel, 'Augustusforum und Mars-Ultor-Tempel', in Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik (Mainz, 1988) : 149-199 (at 157) ; Th. Kraus in Festschrift Eugen v. Mercklin, ed. E. von Homann-Wedeking and B. Segall (Waldsassen, 1964) : 66-75. J. C. Anderson, Jr., The Historical Topography of the Imperial Fora, Coll. Latomus 182 (Brussels, 1984) : 65-100 (at 67ff.) ; P. Gros, Aurea Templa. Recherches sur l'Architecture religieuse de Rome à l'Époque d'Auguste, BEFAR 231 (Rome, 1976) : passim, 97 ; R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford, 1989): 89, η. 48 ; C. J. Simpson, 'The Date of Dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor', JRS 67 (1977) : 91-94 ; Brother F. B. Bender, FSC, Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio 54 (Diss. Pennsylvania, 1961) : 58-61 ; H. R. W. Smith, Problems Historic and Numismatic in the Reign of Augustus, Univ. California Publications in Classical Archaeology 2, 4 (Berkeley, 1951) : 133-230 (at 194ff.) ; L. Morawiecki, 'Le monoptère sur les monnaies alexandriniennes de bronze du temps d'Auguste', Eos 64 (1976) : 59-82 ; D. Fishwick, 'Coins as evidence: Some phantom temples', EMC/ CV 28, n.s. 3 (1984): 263-270. For the coins from Spain and Ephesus (perhaps significantly not Rome), see, inter al, H. Mattingly, BMC I, Augustus to Vitellius (London, 1923): 58, 65f., 114; W. Trillmich, 'Münzpropaganda', in Kaiser Augustus (Mainz, 1988) : 474-528 (at 514f., no. 341 and the authorities cited there). See also E. Künzl, Der römische Triumph. Siegesfeiern im antiken Rom (Munich, 1988) : 53, Abb. 26 ; P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus, trs. A. Shapiro, Jerome Lectures 16 (Ann Arbor, 1988) : 186. See also, inter al., P. Zanker, Forum Augustum. Das Bild- programm (Tübingen, 1968) ; J. Ganzert, 'Der Mars-Ultor-Tempel auf dem Augustus- forum in Rom', RM 92 (1985) : 201-219. The fact that Augustus built the Forum temple 'in privato solo' (R.G. 21.1) is not relevant to the function of the temple qua consecrated ground. Cf. J. E. Stambaugh, 'The Functions of Roman Temples', ANRW 11.16, 1 : 554-608, at 555 and 559, n. 41 (Marcian Dig. 1.8.6.3). I am grateful to a number