Abstract
An increasing number of biologists are expressing discontent with the prevailing theory of neo-Darwinism. In particular, the tendency of neo-Darwinians to adopt genetic determinism and atomistic notions of both genes and organisms is seen as grossly unfair to the body of developmental theory. One faction of dissenteers, the Process Structuralists, take their inspiration from the rational morphologists who preceded Darwin. These “neo-rationalists” argue that a mature biology must possess universal laws and that these “generative laws” should be sought within organismal development. Such a rational biology will only be possible once the neo-Darwinian paradigm, with its reliance on inherently stochastic processes, is overthrown.
To facilitate this revolution, process structuralism launches a broad attack on the theoritical adequacy of its opponent. It is charged that neo-Darwinism is untestable and therefore its hypotheses are nothing more than adaptive stories. Further, the lamentable tendencies toward genetic determinism and atomism by modern biologists is seen as the inescapable consequences of adopting the neo-Darwinian outlook.
I allow that neo-Darwinism is untestable but argue that this does not pose a major difficulty for the theory. Further, it is not clear to what extent genetic determinism and atomism result from sloppy methodology as opposed to fundamental theoritical commitments. But the process structuralist critique does reveal some deep-seated problems with orthodox evolutionary theory and some of its suggestions may be employed to good effect.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alberch, P.: 1982, Developmental Constraints in Evolutionary Processes, in J. T. Bonner (ed.), Evolution and Development, Springer-Verlag, New York, 313–332.
Ayala, F. J. and J. A. Kiger: 1984, Modern Genetics, 2nd ed., The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co, Menlo Park, California.
Bonner, J. T.: 1987, The Next Big Problem in Developmental Biology Americcan Zoologist 27, 715–723.
Brandon, Robert: 1984, Adaptation and Evolutionary Theory, in E. Sober (ed.), Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 58–82.
Buss, Leo: 1983, Evolution, Development and the Units of Selection, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 80: 1387–1391.
Cheverud, James: 1984, Quantitative Genetics and Developmental Constraints on Evolution by Selection, Journal of Theoretical Biology 110, 155–171.
Darwin, Charles: 1859, The Origin of Species, John Murray, London.
Delisi, C.: 1988, The Human Genome Project, American Scientist 76, 488–493.
Driesch, H.: 1914, The History and Theory of Vitalism, Macmillan, London.
Eldridge, N. and S. J. Gould: 1972, Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism, T. J. M. Schopf (ed.), Models in Paleobiology, Freeman, Cooper & Co, San Francisco, 82–115.
Goodwin, Brian C.: 1982, Development and Evolution, Journal of Theoretical Biology 97, 43–55.
Goodwin, B.C. and L.E.H. Trainor: 1983, The Ontogeny and Phylogeny of the Pentadactyl Limb, B.C. Goodwin, N. Holder, and C.C. Wylie (eds.), Development and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Gould, Stephen and Richard Lewontin: 1979, The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique o of the Adaptationist Programme, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 205, 581–598.
Green, Paul B.: 1987, Inheritance of Pattern: Analysis from Phenotype of Genotype, American Zoologist 27, 657–673.
Hinchliffe, J. R. and P. J. Griffiths: 1983, “The Prechondrogenic Patterns in Tetrapod Limb Development and Their Phylogenetic Significance”, in B.C. Goodwin, N. Holder, and C.C. Wylie (eds.), Development and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 99–122.
Ho, Mae-Wan: 1984, Phenocopies, Development and Evolution, presented at a conference in Plozen, Czechoslovakia.
Ho, Mae-Wan and Peter Saunders: 1984, Pluralism and Convergence in Evolutionary Theory, in M. Ho and P.T. Saunders (eds.), Beyond Neo-Darwinism, Academic Press Inc., London, 3–14.
Lambert, David and Tony Hughes: 1987, On Structure and Function: An Alternative Approach to an Old Problem, publication no. 6 from the Evolutionary Genetics Laboratory, University of Auckland.
Lambert, David, Craig Millar, and Tony Hughes: 1986, On the Classic Case of Natural Selection, Biology Forum, 79(1), 11–49.
Lees, D. R.: 1981, Genetic Consequences of Man Made Change, Academic Press, New York, pp. 129–176.
Lewontin, Richard: 1974, The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change, Columbia University Press, New York.
Lovtrup, Soren and Lovtrup, Michael: 1988, The Morphogenesis of Molluscan Shells: A Mathematical Account Using Biological Parameters, Journal of Morphology 197, 53–62.
Maden, M., M. C. Gribben and D. Summerbell: 1983, Axial Organization in Developing and Regenerating Vertebrate Limbs, in B.C. Goodwin, N. Holder and C.C. Wylie (eds.), Development and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 381–398.
Mishler, Brent: 1985, Sociology of Science and the Future of Hennigan Phylogenetic Systematics, Cladistics 3 (1), 55–60.
Nijhout, Frederick: 1985, The Developmental Physiology of Color Patterns in Lepidoptera, Advances in Insect Physiology, 18, 181–247.
Nijhout, Frederick: 1990, Metaphors and the Role of Genes in Development, Bioessays 12(9), 441–446.
Nijhout, Frederick, Gregory Wray, Claire Kremen, and Carolyn Teragawa: 1986, Ontogeny, Phylogeny and Evolution of Form: An Algorythmic Approach, Systematic Zoology 35(4), 445–457.
Riedl, Rupert: 1978, Order in Living Systems, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Salmon, Wesley: 1984, Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Sander, Klaus: 1983, The Evolution of Patterning Mechanisms: Gleanings from Insect Embryogenesis and Spermatogenesis, in B.C. Goodwin, N. Holder and C.C. Wylie (eds.), Development and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 137–160.
Scheffler, Israel: 1981, The Anatomy of Inquiry, Hackett Publishing Co., Cambridge.
Schmalhausen, Ivan: 1949, Actors of Evolution, Blakiston Co, Philadelphia.
Smith, J. Maynard: 1983, Evolution and Development, in B.C. Goodwin, N. Holder and C.C. Wylie (eds.), A Development and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 33–46.
Turner, John R. G.: 1981, Adaptation and Evolution in Heliconius: A Defence of Neo-Darwinism, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12, 99–121.
Waddington, C. H.: 1940, Organizers and Genes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Wagner, G. P.: 1986, The Systems Approach: An Interface Between Development and Population Genetic Aspects of Evolution, in D. M. Raup and D. Jablonski (eds.), Patterns and Processes in the History of Life, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 149–166.
Wake, David B. and Allen Larson: 1987, Multidimensional Analysis of an Evolving Lineage, Science 238, 42–48.
Webster, G. and B. Goodwin: 1982, The Origin of Species: A Structuralist Approach, Journal of Social and Biological Structures 5, 15–47.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, K.C. Neo-rationalism versus neo-Darwinism: Integrating development and evolution. Biol Philos 7, 431–451 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00130061
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00130061