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Double Monasteries in Christianity with its Effects and Problems and its Reflections to Present

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 1011 - 1041, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.47424/tasavvur.797898

Öz

Double monasteries are religious sites where monks and nuns live according to common rules and are usually ruled by an abbess. In these monasteries, monks and nuns gathered for Eucharist and daily worship but lived in their convents for the rest of the day. Double monasteries emerged especially in Egypt in the early Christianity and became widespread in England, Ireland and France between the 6th and 9th centuries. Although these monasteries were banned by various councils, due to the coexistence of men and women, they remained alive until the late period of the Middle Ages. Although they have disappeared after the council decisions and invasions, there is a double monastery in England adhered to the Orthodox Church. On the other hand, there are efforts to create a new gender paradigm by giving examples from the common life of double monasteries in Christianity. Therefore, double monasteries are an important issue in terms of including subjects such as Church, women and authority. The article discusses the effects, problems, structures and history of these monasteries. The article aims to provide resources for studies such as the Church, women, monastic life, and Christian mysticism.

Kaynakça

  • Athanasius. The Life of Antony and the Letter To Marcellinus. ed. Richard Payne. çev. Robert C. Gregg. New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1980.
  • Baş, Bi̇lal. “Hıristiyan Manastırcılığının Doğuşu”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 44 (2014), 183- 204. https://doi.org/10.15370/muifd.95539
  • Bateson, Mary. “Origin and Early History of Double Monasteries”. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 13/ (1899), 137-198. https://doi.org/10.2307/3678130
  • Beach, Alison I. - Giorda, Maria Chiara. “Nuns Were Secluded to Avoid Scandals in Early Christian Monastic Communities”. The Conversation. Erişim 16 Eylül 2020. http://theconversation.com/nuns-were-secluded-to- avoid-scandals-in-early-christian-monastic-communities-113169
  • Burton, Janet - Stöber, Karen. “Introduction”. Women in the Medieval Monastic World. ed. Janet Burton - Karen Stöber. 1-15. Turnout, Belgium: Brepols N.V., 01 edition., 2015.
  • Ceylanlar, Nagehan Zeynep. Hıristiyan Rahibelerin Manastır Hayatı (Karmelit Tarikatı Örneği). Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2014.
  • Chitty, Derwas James. The Desert a City: An Introduction to the Study of Egyptian and Palestian Monasticism Under the Christian Empire. New York: St Vladimir’s Seminary, 1977. http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php? md5=ea3250a1eb47bbf8fcb0a5baa431a8f2
  • Concannon, Thomas. The Life of St. Columban. London: Catholic Truth Society of Ireland, 1915.
  • Demir, Fatih. Ortaçağ Avrupasında Manastırlara Kurumsal ve İşlevsel Bakış. Tokat: Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2014.
  • Domínguez, Gregoria Cavero. “Spanish Female Monasticism: ‘Family’ Monasteries and Their Transformation (Eleventh to Twelfth Centuries)”. Women in the Medieval Monastic World. ed. Janet Burton - Karen Stöber. 15- 35. Turnout, Belgium: Brepols N.V., 01 edition., 2015.
  • Dorothy Ann, Bray. “St. Brigit”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. William M. Johnston. 183-184. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Dunn, Marilyn. The Emergence of Monasticism: From the Desert Fathers to the Early Middle Ages. Oxford: Wiley- Blackwell, 2. edition., 2003.
  • Evangelisti, Silvia. Nuns: A History of Convent Life, 1450-1700. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Frazee, Charles A. “Greece”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. Wil-liam M. Johnston. 543-550. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Gabra, Gawdat - Takla, Hany. Christianity and Monasticism in Middle Egypt. Kahire: American University in Cairo Press, 2015.
  • Gabra, Gawdat - Vivian, Tim. Coptic Monasteries:Egypt’s Monastic Art And Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Giorda, Maria Chiara - Cozma, Ioan. “Beyond Gender: Reflections on a Contemporary Case of Double Monastery in Orthodox Monasticism—St. John the Baptist Monastery of Essex in England”. Religions 10/453 (2019), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10080453
  • Giorda, Maria Chiara - Cozma, Ioan. “Beyond Gender: Reflections on a Contemporary Case of Double Monastery in Orthodox Monasticism-St. John the Baptist Monastery of Essex in England”. Exploring the Future of Christian Monasticisms. ed. Greg Peters. 49-67. Basel: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2019.
  • Giuffrida, Angela. “The Vatican Editor Who Exposed the Sexual Abuse of Nuns – and Took on the Pope”. The Guardian. 08 Mayıs 2019. Erişim 16 Eylül 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/may/08/vatican-editor-sexual-abuse-lucetta-scaraffia- nuns-misogyny
  • Goehring, James E. “Withdrawing from the Desert: Pachomius and the Development of Village Monasticism in Upper Egypt”. The Harvard Theological Review 89/3 (1996), 267-285. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1510047
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. “Manastır”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 27/558-560. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2003.
  • Güzeldal, Yasin. Batı Manastır Geleneğinde Aziz Benedikt ve Manastır Hayatına Dair Görüşleri. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2020.
  • Hagiorite, Nicodemus the - Monk, Agapius the. The Rudder (Pedalion) of the Metaphorical Ship of the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church of the Orthodox Christians, or All the Sacred and Divine Canons. çev. Denver Cummings. Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1st Edition., 1957.
  • Harlan, Chico - Pitrelli, Stefano. “Founder and Staff of Vatican Women’s Magazine Step down, Citing Pressure over Nun Abuse Stories”. Washington Post (16 Eylül 2020). https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/founder-and-staff-of-vatican-womens-magazine-step- down-citing-pressure-over-nun-abuse-stories/2019/03/26/c32c591c-4fb0-11e9-88a1- ed346f0ec94f_story.html
  • Hedstrom, Darlene L. Brooks. The Monastic Landscape of Late Antique Egypt: An Archaeological Reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Hefele, Charles Joseph. A History of the Councils of the Church: From the Original Documents, to the Close of the Second Council of Nicaea A.D. 787. çev. William Clark. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2007.
  • Hollywood, Amy. “Mysticism and Mystics”. Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. ed. Margaret Schaus. 595-599. New York, Lon-don: Routledge, 2006.
  • Horowitz, Jason - Dias, Elizabeth. “Pope Acknowledges Nuns Were Sexually Abused by Priests and Bishops”. The New York Times (05 Şubat 2019), blm. World. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/world/europe/pope-nuns- sexual-abuse.html
  • Jerome. “His treatise on Virginity (Ep. xxii to Eustochium) defames all orders of Christians”. Nicene and Post- Nicene Fathers: Second Series. ed. Philip Schaff. 2/1187-1189. New York: T.&T. Clark Publishers, 1892.
  • Johnson, Penelope D. “Double Houses”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edi-tion). ed. William M. Johnston. 416- 419. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Kaelber, Walter O. “Asceticism”. Encyclopedia of Religion 2nd Edition. ed. Lindsay Jones. 1/526-530. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005.
  • Kearley, Timothy. The Codex of Justinian 3 Volume Hardback Set: A New Annotated Translation, with Parallel Latin and Greek Text. 3 Cilt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • Knudsen, Christian David. Naughty Nuns and Promiscuous Monks: Monastic Sexual Misconduct in Late Medieval England. Toronto: The University of Toronto, Doktora Tezi, 2012.
  • Lawrence, C. H. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. London ; New York: Routledge, 4 edition., 2015.
  • Livingstone, E. A. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Nuth, Joan M. “Elizabeth of Schönau”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. William M. Johnston. 442- 443. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • O’loughlin, Thomas. “Celtic Monasticism”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. William M. Johnston. 265-269. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Palladius. The Lausiac History. ed. Robert Meyer. Pennsylvania: The Newman Press, 1965.
  • Peyroux, Katherina. “Double Monasteries”. Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. ed. Margaret Schaus. New York, London: Routledge, 2006.
  • Polat, Salihe. Hıristiyanlık’ta Manastır Hayatı. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2004.
  • Rousseau, Philip. Pachomius: The Making of a Community in Fourth-Century Egypt. California: University of California Press, 1999.
  • Ryan, Edmund Joseph. “St. Columban”. The New Catholic Encyclopedia 2nd Edition. ed. Thomas Carson. 3/863- 864. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2003.
  • Silvas, Anna M. The Asketikon of St Basil the Great. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Simons, Walter. “Belgium: History”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. William M. Johnston. 124-126. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Stramara, Daniel F. “Double Monasticism in the Greek East, Fourth through Eighth Centuries”. Journal of Early Christian Studies 6/2 (1998), 269-312. https://doi.org/10.1353/earl.1998.0039
  • Talbot, Alice-Mary. “The Byzantine Family and the Monastery”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 44/ (1990), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.2307/1291622
  • Temiztürk, Halil. Bir Mistik Rahibe: Bingenli Hildegard. Ankara: Eskiyeni Yayınları, 2019.
  • Temiztürk, Halil. “Kadınlar Arasında Asketizm ve Manastır Hayatı”. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (KTUİFD) 4/2 (2017), 215-229. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/katuifd/376357
  • Vaage, Leif E. - Wimbush, Vincent L. Asceticism and the New Testament. New York: Routledge, 1999.
  • Venarde, Bruce L. “Fontevraud”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. William M. Johnston. 479-481. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Warren, Nancy Bradley. “Pregnancy and Productivity: The Imagery of Female Monasticism within and beyond the Cloister Walls”. The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 28/3 (1998), 531-552.
  • Weckman, George. “Monasticism: An Overview”. Encyclopedia of Religion (2 edition). ed. Lindsay Jones. 9/6121- 6126. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004.
  • Whiting, Marlena. “Asceticism and Hospitality as Patronage in the Late Antique Holy Land: The Examples of Paula and Melania the Elder”. Female Founders in Byzantium and Beyond. ed. Margaret Mullett vd. 73-85. Wien: Böhlau, 2014.
  • Wimbush, Vincent L. - Valantasis, Richard. Asceticism. Oxford: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 2002.
  • The Ecumenical Patriarchate. “Holy Patriarchal and Stauropegic Monastery of Saint John The Baptist in Essex, England”. Erişim 17 Ağustos 2020. https://www.patriarchate.org/monastery-essex/-/asset_publisher/
  • ResearchGate. “Justice Fred Blume and the Translation of Justinian’s Code”. Erişim 05 Eylül 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228228860_Justice_Fred_Blume_and_the_Translation_of_Justini an's_Code

Etkileri ve Problemleriyle Hıristiyanlıkta Çifte Manastırlar ve Günümüze Yansımaları

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 1011 - 1041, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.47424/tasavvur.797898

Öz

Çifte manastırlar, genellikle bir başrahibe tarafından yönetilen ve keşiş-lerle rahibelerin ortak kurallara bağlı olarak yaşadıkları dinî mekanlardır. Bu manastırlarda keşiş ve rahibeler evharistiya ve günlük ibadetler gibi ayinlerde bir araya gelmekte, ancak günün geri kalan zamanlarında kendi bölümlerinde yaşamaktadır. Hıristiyanlığın erken dönemlerinde özellikle Mısır’da ortaya çıkan bu manastırlar, 6. ve 9. yüzyıllar arasında İngiltere, İrlanda ve Fransa’da yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu manastırlar erkek ve kadınların bir arada yaşamaları nedeniyle farklı konsillerle yasaklansa da Ortaçağ’ın geç dönemlerine kadar varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir. Konsil kararları ve istilalar nedeniyle artık örneklerine rastlanmasa da İngiltere’de Ortodoks Kilisesine bağlı bir çifte manastır bulunmaktadır. Diğer taraftan günümüzde Hıristiyanlıkta çifte manastırlarda tarihte yaşanan ortak yaşamdan örnekler verilerek yeni bir cinsiyet paradigması oluşturma çalışmaları görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla çifte manastırlar Kilise, kadın ve otorite gibi konuları kapsamı bakımından önemli bir konudur. Çalışmada bu manastırların yapıları, etkileri, problemleri ve tarihsel süreci ele alınmıştır. Makalenin Kilise, kadın, manastır hayatı ve Hıristiyan mistisizmi gibi çalışmalara kaynaklık teşkil etmesi beklenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Athanasius. The Life of Antony and the Letter To Marcellinus. ed. Richard Payne. çev. Robert C. Gregg. New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1980.
  • Baş, Bi̇lal. “Hıristiyan Manastırcılığının Doğuşu”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 44 (2014), 183- 204. https://doi.org/10.15370/muifd.95539
  • Bateson, Mary. “Origin and Early History of Double Monasteries”. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 13/ (1899), 137-198. https://doi.org/10.2307/3678130
  • Beach, Alison I. - Giorda, Maria Chiara. “Nuns Were Secluded to Avoid Scandals in Early Christian Monastic Communities”. The Conversation. Erişim 16 Eylül 2020. http://theconversation.com/nuns-were-secluded-to- avoid-scandals-in-early-christian-monastic-communities-113169
  • Burton, Janet - Stöber, Karen. “Introduction”. Women in the Medieval Monastic World. ed. Janet Burton - Karen Stöber. 1-15. Turnout, Belgium: Brepols N.V., 01 edition., 2015.
  • Ceylanlar, Nagehan Zeynep. Hıristiyan Rahibelerin Manastır Hayatı (Karmelit Tarikatı Örneği). Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2014.
  • Chitty, Derwas James. The Desert a City: An Introduction to the Study of Egyptian and Palestian Monasticism Under the Christian Empire. New York: St Vladimir’s Seminary, 1977. http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php? md5=ea3250a1eb47bbf8fcb0a5baa431a8f2
  • Concannon, Thomas. The Life of St. Columban. London: Catholic Truth Society of Ireland, 1915.
  • Demir, Fatih. Ortaçağ Avrupasında Manastırlara Kurumsal ve İşlevsel Bakış. Tokat: Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2014.
  • Domínguez, Gregoria Cavero. “Spanish Female Monasticism: ‘Family’ Monasteries and Their Transformation (Eleventh to Twelfth Centuries)”. Women in the Medieval Monastic World. ed. Janet Burton - Karen Stöber. 15- 35. Turnout, Belgium: Brepols N.V., 01 edition., 2015.
  • Dorothy Ann, Bray. “St. Brigit”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. William M. Johnston. 183-184. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Dunn, Marilyn. The Emergence of Monasticism: From the Desert Fathers to the Early Middle Ages. Oxford: Wiley- Blackwell, 2. edition., 2003.
  • Evangelisti, Silvia. Nuns: A History of Convent Life, 1450-1700. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Frazee, Charles A. “Greece”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. Wil-liam M. Johnston. 543-550. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Gabra, Gawdat - Takla, Hany. Christianity and Monasticism in Middle Egypt. Kahire: American University in Cairo Press, 2015.
  • Gabra, Gawdat - Vivian, Tim. Coptic Monasteries:Egypt’s Monastic Art And Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Giorda, Maria Chiara - Cozma, Ioan. “Beyond Gender: Reflections on a Contemporary Case of Double Monastery in Orthodox Monasticism—St. John the Baptist Monastery of Essex in England”. Religions 10/453 (2019), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10080453
  • Giorda, Maria Chiara - Cozma, Ioan. “Beyond Gender: Reflections on a Contemporary Case of Double Monastery in Orthodox Monasticism-St. John the Baptist Monastery of Essex in England”. Exploring the Future of Christian Monasticisms. ed. Greg Peters. 49-67. Basel: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2019.
  • Giuffrida, Angela. “The Vatican Editor Who Exposed the Sexual Abuse of Nuns – and Took on the Pope”. The Guardian. 08 Mayıs 2019. Erişim 16 Eylül 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/may/08/vatican-editor-sexual-abuse-lucetta-scaraffia- nuns-misogyny
  • Goehring, James E. “Withdrawing from the Desert: Pachomius and the Development of Village Monasticism in Upper Egypt”. The Harvard Theological Review 89/3 (1996), 267-285. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1510047
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. “Manastır”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 27/558-560. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2003.
  • Güzeldal, Yasin. Batı Manastır Geleneğinde Aziz Benedikt ve Manastır Hayatına Dair Görüşleri. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2020.
  • Hagiorite, Nicodemus the - Monk, Agapius the. The Rudder (Pedalion) of the Metaphorical Ship of the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church of the Orthodox Christians, or All the Sacred and Divine Canons. çev. Denver Cummings. Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1st Edition., 1957.
  • Harlan, Chico - Pitrelli, Stefano. “Founder and Staff of Vatican Women’s Magazine Step down, Citing Pressure over Nun Abuse Stories”. Washington Post (16 Eylül 2020). https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/founder-and-staff-of-vatican-womens-magazine-step- down-citing-pressure-over-nun-abuse-stories/2019/03/26/c32c591c-4fb0-11e9-88a1- ed346f0ec94f_story.html
  • Hedstrom, Darlene L. Brooks. The Monastic Landscape of Late Antique Egypt: An Archaeological Reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Hefele, Charles Joseph. A History of the Councils of the Church: From the Original Documents, to the Close of the Second Council of Nicaea A.D. 787. çev. William Clark. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2007.
  • Hollywood, Amy. “Mysticism and Mystics”. Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. ed. Margaret Schaus. 595-599. New York, Lon-don: Routledge, 2006.
  • Horowitz, Jason - Dias, Elizabeth. “Pope Acknowledges Nuns Were Sexually Abused by Priests and Bishops”. The New York Times (05 Şubat 2019), blm. World. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/world/europe/pope-nuns- sexual-abuse.html
  • Jerome. “His treatise on Virginity (Ep. xxii to Eustochium) defames all orders of Christians”. Nicene and Post- Nicene Fathers: Second Series. ed. Philip Schaff. 2/1187-1189. New York: T.&T. Clark Publishers, 1892.
  • Johnson, Penelope D. “Double Houses”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edi-tion). ed. William M. Johnston. 416- 419. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Kaelber, Walter O. “Asceticism”. Encyclopedia of Religion 2nd Edition. ed. Lindsay Jones. 1/526-530. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005.
  • Kearley, Timothy. The Codex of Justinian 3 Volume Hardback Set: A New Annotated Translation, with Parallel Latin and Greek Text. 3 Cilt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • Knudsen, Christian David. Naughty Nuns and Promiscuous Monks: Monastic Sexual Misconduct in Late Medieval England. Toronto: The University of Toronto, Doktora Tezi, 2012.
  • Lawrence, C. H. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. London ; New York: Routledge, 4 edition., 2015.
  • Livingstone, E. A. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Nuth, Joan M. “Elizabeth of Schönau”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. William M. Johnston. 442- 443. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • O’loughlin, Thomas. “Celtic Monasticism”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. William M. Johnston. 265-269. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Palladius. The Lausiac History. ed. Robert Meyer. Pennsylvania: The Newman Press, 1965.
  • Peyroux, Katherina. “Double Monasteries”. Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. ed. Margaret Schaus. New York, London: Routledge, 2006.
  • Polat, Salihe. Hıristiyanlık’ta Manastır Hayatı. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2004.
  • Rousseau, Philip. Pachomius: The Making of a Community in Fourth-Century Egypt. California: University of California Press, 1999.
  • Ryan, Edmund Joseph. “St. Columban”. The New Catholic Encyclopedia 2nd Edition. ed. Thomas Carson. 3/863- 864. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2003.
  • Silvas, Anna M. The Asketikon of St Basil the Great. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Simons, Walter. “Belgium: History”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. William M. Johnston. 124-126. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Stramara, Daniel F. “Double Monasticism in the Greek East, Fourth through Eighth Centuries”. Journal of Early Christian Studies 6/2 (1998), 269-312. https://doi.org/10.1353/earl.1998.0039
  • Talbot, Alice-Mary. “The Byzantine Family and the Monastery”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 44/ (1990), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.2307/1291622
  • Temiztürk, Halil. Bir Mistik Rahibe: Bingenli Hildegard. Ankara: Eskiyeni Yayınları, 2019.
  • Temiztürk, Halil. “Kadınlar Arasında Asketizm ve Manastır Hayatı”. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (KTUİFD) 4/2 (2017), 215-229. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/katuifd/376357
  • Vaage, Leif E. - Wimbush, Vincent L. Asceticism and the New Testament. New York: Routledge, 1999.
  • Venarde, Bruce L. “Fontevraud”. Encyclopedia of Monasticism (1 edition). ed. William M. Johnston. 479-481. Chicago; London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Warren, Nancy Bradley. “Pregnancy and Productivity: The Imagery of Female Monasticism within and beyond the Cloister Walls”. The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 28/3 (1998), 531-552.
  • Weckman, George. “Monasticism: An Overview”. Encyclopedia of Religion (2 edition). ed. Lindsay Jones. 9/6121- 6126. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004.
  • Whiting, Marlena. “Asceticism and Hospitality as Patronage in the Late Antique Holy Land: The Examples of Paula and Melania the Elder”. Female Founders in Byzantium and Beyond. ed. Margaret Mullett vd. 73-85. Wien: Böhlau, 2014.
  • Wimbush, Vincent L. - Valantasis, Richard. Asceticism. Oxford: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 2002.
  • The Ecumenical Patriarchate. “Holy Patriarchal and Stauropegic Monastery of Saint John The Baptist in Essex, England”. Erişim 17 Ağustos 2020. https://www.patriarchate.org/monastery-essex/-/asset_publisher/
  • ResearchGate. “Justice Fred Blume and the Translation of Justinian’s Code”. Erişim 05 Eylül 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228228860_Justice_Fred_Blume_and_the_Translation_of_Justini an's_Code
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Halil Temiztürk 0000-0002-4564-5561

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Eylül 2020
Kabul Tarihi 6 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Temiztürk, Halil. “Etkileri Ve Problemleriyle Hıristiyanlıkta Çifte Manastırlar Ve Günümüze Yansımaları”. Tasavvur / Tekirdağ İlahiyat Dergisi 6/2 (Aralık 2020), 1011-1041. https://doi.org/10.47424/tasavvur.797898.

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