Skip to main content
Log in

Evolutionary Psychology – Towards a More Integrative Model

  • Published:
Biology and Philosophy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Aspects of the history of behavioural science are reviewed, pointing to its fragmented and faction-ridden nature. The emergence of evolutionary psychology (EP) is viewed in this context. With the help of a dual-layered model of behavioural control, the case is made for a more integrative perspective towards EP. The model's application to both behaviour and complex human information processing is described. Similarities in their control are noted. It is suggested that one layer of control (‘on-line’) corresponds to the encapsulated modules of EP whereas the off-line controls provide the plasticity and flexibility suggested by its critics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • C. Badcock (2000) Evolutionary Psychology: A Critical Introduction Polity Press Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Baldwin J.I. Baldwin (1997) ArticleTitleGender differences in sexual interest Arch. Sex. Behav. 26 181–210 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1024510528405 Occurrence Handle9101033

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. Bechara D. Tranel H. Damasio R. Adolphs C. Rockland A.R. Damasio (1995) ArticleTitleDouble dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans Science 269 1115–1118 Occurrence Handle7652558

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Bekoff (1995) Cognitive ethology and the explanation of nonhuman animal behaviour H.L. Roitblat J.-A. Meyer (Eds) Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Science The MIT Press Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Bindra (1984) Cognition: its origin and future in psychology J.R. Royce L.P. Mos (Eds) Annals of Theoretical Psychology Vol. 1 Plenum New York

    Google Scholar 

  • D.F. Bjorklund K.K. Harnishfeger (1995) The evolution of inhibition mechanisms and their role in human cognition and behaviour F.N. Dempster C.J. Brainerd (Eds) Interference and Inhibition in Cognition Academic Press San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • D.F. Bjorklund A.D. Pellegrini (2002) The Origins of Human Nature American Psychological Association Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • J.R. Blackburn J.G. Pfaus A.G. Phillips (1992) ArticleTitleDopamine functions in appetitive and defensive behaviours Prog. Neurobiol. 39 247–279 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0301-0082(92)90018-A Occurrence Handle1502338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J. Bolender (2001) ArticleTitleA two-tiered cognitive architecture for moral reasoning Biol. Philos. 16 339–356 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1010663018267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.E. Bouton (1988) A contextual analysis of fear extinction P.R. Martin (Eds) Handbook of Behaviour Therapy and Psychological Science: An Integrative Approach Pergamon Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • G.L. Brase (2003) The allocation system: using signal detection processes to regulate representations in a multimodular mind D.E. Over (Eds) Evolution and the Psychology of Thinking Psychology Press Hove

    Google Scholar 

  • T.S. Braver D.M. Barch (2002) ArticleTitleA theory of cognitive control, aging cognition, and neuromodulation Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26 809–817 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00067-2 Occurrence Handle12470692

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • B.F. Buunk A. Angleitner V. Oubaid D.M. Buss (1996) ArticleTitleSex differences in jealousy in evolutionary and cultural perspective: tests from the Netherlands, Germany and the United States Psychol. Sci. 7 359–363

    Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Cohen K. Dunbar J.L. McClelland (1990) ArticleTitleOn the control of automatic processes: a parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect Psychol. Rev. 97 332–361 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.332 Occurrence Handle2200075

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Cook S. Mineka (1990) ArticleTitleSelective associations in the observational conditioning of fear in rhesus monkeys J. Exp. Psychol.: Animal Behav. Proc. 16 372–389 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0097-7403.16.4.372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Cosmides J. Tooby (1994) ArticleTitleBeyond intuition and instinct blindness: toward an evolutionary rigorous cognitive science Cognition 50 41–77 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0010-0277(94)90020-5 Occurrence Handle8039372

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L. Cosmides J. Tooby (1995) From evolution to adaptations to behaviour: toward an integrated evolutionary psychology R. Wong (Eds) Biological Perspectives on Motivated Activities Ablex Publishing Norwood

    Google Scholar 

  • D.D. Cummins R. Cummins (1999) ArticleTitleBiological preparedness and evolutionary explanation Cognition 73 B37–B53 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00062-1 Occurrence Handle10585520

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C. Darwin (1872/1934) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Watts and Co. London

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Dickinson (1985) ArticleTitleActions and habits: the development of behavioural autonomy Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 308 67–78

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Ekman (1992) ArticleTitleFacial expressions of emotion: new findings, new questions Psychol. Sci. 3 34–38

    Google Scholar 

  • S.: Epstein (1994) ArticleTitleIntegration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious Am. Psychol. 49 709–724 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0003-066X.49.8.709 Occurrence Handle8092614

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J.S.B.T. Evans (2003) ArticleTitleIn two minds: dual-process accounts of reasoning Trend. Cogn. Sci. 7 454–459 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.H. Fazio B.C. Dunton (1997) ArticleTitleCategorization by race: the impact of automatic and controlled components of racial prejudice J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 33 451–470 Occurrence Handle10.1006/jesp.1997.1330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Fodor (1985) ArticleTitlePrecis of the modularity of mind Behav. Brain Sci. 8 1–42

    Google Scholar 

  • C.R. Gallistel (1980) The Organization of Action – A New Synthesis Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  • P.W. Glimcher (2003) Decisions, Uncertainty, and the Brain: The Science of Neuroeconomics The MIT Press Cambridge MA

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Godfrey-Smith (1996) Complexity and the Function of Mind in Nature Cambridge University Press Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Goldstein (1995) The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man Zone Books New York

    Google Scholar 

  • F.E. Goodson (2003) Evolution and Function of Cognition Lawrence Erlbaum Mahwah

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Gottlieb (1998) ArticleTitleNormally occurring environmental and behavioural influences on gene activity: from central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis Psychol. Rev. 105 792–802 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0033-295X.105.4.792-802 Occurrence Handle9830380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Gray (1982) The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-hippocampal System Clarendon Press Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • R.D. Gray M. Heany S. Fairhall (2003) Psychology and the challenge of adaptive explanation K. Sterelny J. Fitness (Eds) From Mating to Mentality: Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology Psychology Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • A.C. Guyton (1991) Textbook of Medical Physiology W.B. Saunders Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Hirsh (1974) ArticleTitleThe hippocampus and contextual retrieval of information from memory: a theory Behav. Biol. 12 421–444 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0091-6773(74)92231-7 Occurrence Handle4217626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Hogan (1997) ArticleTitleEnergy models of motivation: a reconsideration Appl. Animal Behav. Sci. 53 89–105 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01153-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.L. Hull (1952) A Behaviour System Yale University Press New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Jacob (1977) ArticleTitleEvolution and tinkering Science 196 1161–1166 Occurrence Handle860134

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. Karmiloff-Smith (1991) Beyond modularity: innate constraints and developmental change S. Carey R. Gelman (Eds) The Epigenesis of Mind: Essays on Biology and Cognition Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  • J.R. Krebs N.B. Davies (1997) Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach Blackwell Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • T.S. Kuhn (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions The University of Chicago Press Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • P. La Cerra R. Bingham (1998) ArticleTitleThe adaptive nature of the human neurocognitive architecture: an alternative model Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 11290–11294 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.95.19.11290 Occurrence Handle9736729

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P.J. Lang M.M. Bradley B.N. Cuthbert (1990) ArticleTitleEmotion, attention and the startle reflex Psychol. Rev. 97 377–395 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.377 Occurrence Handle2200076

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R.S. Lazarus (1984) ArticleTitleOn the primacy of cognition Am. Psychol. 39 124–129

    Google Scholar 

  • J.E. LeDoux (1989) ArticleTitleCognitive-emotional interactions in the brain Cogn. Emotion 3 267–289

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Le Magnen (1967) Habits and food intake C.F. Code (Eds) Handbook of Physiology Section 6, Alimentary Canal Vol. 1 American Physiological Society Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • M.D. Lieberman (2000) ArticleTitleIntuition: a social cognitive neuroscience approach Psychol. Bull. 126 109–137 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.109 Occurrence Handle10668352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K.Z. Lorenz (1981) The Foundations of Ethology Springer-Verlag New York

    Google Scholar 

  • P.D. MacLean (1990) The Triune Brain in Evolution Plenum Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • M.B. McGraw (1943) The Neuromuscular Maturation of the Human Infant Columbia University Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • D.J. McFarland (1989) Problems of Animal Behaviour Longman Harlow

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Mayr (1974) ArticleTitleBehavioural programs and evolutionary strategies Am. Sci. 62 650–659 Occurrence Handle4440939

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G.F. Michel C.L. Moore (1995) Developmental Psychobiology: An Interdisciplinary Science The MIT Press Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Morton M.H. Johnson (1991) ArticleTitleCONSPEC and CONLERN: a two-process theory of infant face recognition Psychol. Rev. 98 164–181 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.164 Occurrence Handle2047512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. Näätänen (1985) ArticleTitleBrain physiology and the unconscious initiation of movements Behav. Brain Sci. 8 549

    Google Scholar 

  • U. Neisser (1967) Cognitive Psychology Appleton-Century-Crofts New York

    Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Nesse K.C. Berridge (1997) ArticleTitlePsychoactive drug use in evolutionary perspective Science 278 63–66 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.278.5335.63 Occurrence Handle9311928

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • N. Neumann (1984) Automatic processing: a review of recent findings and a plea for an old theory W. Prinz A.F. Sanders (Eds) Cognition and Motor Processes Springer-Verlag Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Norman T. Shallice (1986) Attention to action – willed and automatic control of behaviour R.J. Davidson G.E. Schwartz D. Shapiro (Eds) Research and Theory Vol. 4 Plenum Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Öhman S. Mineka (2001) ArticleTitleFears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and learning Psychol. Rev. 108 483–522 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.483 Occurrence Handle11488376

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D.E. Over (2003) From massive modularity to metarepresentation: The evolution of higher cognition D.E. Over (Eds) Evolution and the Psychology of Thinking Psychology Press Hove

    Google Scholar 

  • M.G. Packard, B.J. Knowlton. 2002. Learning and memory functions of the basal ganglia. W.M. Cowan. (eds). . Annual Review of Neuroscience 25, Annual Reviews. Palo Alto

  • J. Panksepp (1998) Affective Neuroscience Oxford University Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Panksepp J.B. Panksepp (2000) ArticleTitleThe seven sins of evolutionary psychology Evol. Cogn. 6 108–131

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Pinker (1998) How the Mind Works Allen Lane London

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Plotkin (1997) Evolution in Mind Allen Lane London

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Prochazka F. Clarac G.E. Loeb J.C. Rothwell J.R. Wolpaw (2000) ArticleTitleWhat do reflex and voluntary mean? Modern views on an ancient debate Exp. Brain Res. 130 417–432 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s002219900250 Occurrence Handle10717785

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. Rafal A. Henik (1994) The neurology of inhibition: integrating controlled and automatic processes D. Dagenbach T.H. Carr (Eds) Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory, and Language Academic Press San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Reber A. 2004. Someperhaps surprising, consequences of the cognitive “revolution” Evol. Cogn. in press.

  • E.T. Rolls (1999) The Brain and Emotion Oxford University Press Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Rose S. Rose (2001) Alas Poor Darwin: Arguments against Evolutionary Psychology Vintage Press London

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Schneider R.M. Shiffrin (1977) ArticleTitleControlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search and attention Psychol. Rev. 84 1–66 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0033-295X.84.1.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T.C. Schneirla (1959) An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal M.R. Jones (Eds) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation University of Nebraska Press Lincoln

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Sherrington (1948) Integrative Action of the Nervous System Liverpool University Press Liverpool

    Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Simpson M. Oriña (2003) Strategic pluralism and context-specific mate preferences in humans K. Sterelny J. Fitness (Eds) From Mating to Mentality: Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology Psychology Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • B.F. Skinner (1966) The Behaviour of Organisms Appleton-Century-Crofts New York

    Google Scholar 

  • S.A. Sloman (1996) ArticleTitleThe empirical case for two systems of reasoning Psychol. Bull. 119 3–22 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.E. Stanovich R.F. West (2000) ArticleTitleIndividual differences in reasoning: implications for the rationality debate Behav. Brain Sci. 23 645–726 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0140525X00003435 Occurrence Handle11301544

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K.E. Stanovich R.F. West (2003) Evolutionary versus instrumental goals: how evolutionary psychology misconceives human rationality D.E. Over (Eds) Evolution and the Psychology of Thinking Psychology Press Hove

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Sterelny (1999) Situated agency and the descent of desire V. Hardcastle (Eds) Where Biology Meets Psychology MIT Press Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • V.E. Stone L. Cosmides J. Tooby N. Kroll R.T. Knight (2002) ArticleTitleSelective impairment of reasoning about social exchange in a patient with bilateral limbic system damage Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99 11531–11536 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.122352699 Occurrence Handle12177408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J. Taylor (1958) Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson Staples Press London

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Tinbergen (1969) The Study of Instinct Clarendon Press Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Toates (1986) Motivational Systems Cambridge University Press Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Toates (1995) Animal motivation and cognition H. Roitblat J.-A. Meyer (Eds) Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Science MIT Press Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Toates (1996) ArticleTitleCognition and evolution – an organization of action perspective Behav. Proc. 35 239–250 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0376-6357(95)00058-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Toates (1997) ArticleTitleHas pure ethology the right foundations for applied ethology? Appl. Animal Behav. Sci. 53 1–13 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01147-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Toates (1998) ArticleTitleThe interaction of cognitive and stimulus-response processes in the control of behaviour Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 22 59–83 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0149-7634(97)00022-5 Occurrence Handle9491940

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • F. Toates (2001) Biological Psychology: An Integrative Approach Pearson Education Harlow

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Toates (2002) ArticleTitleApplication of a multilevel model of behavioural control to understanding emotion Behav. Proc. 60 99–114 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00083-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Toates (2004) ArticleTitleCognition, motivation, emotion and action: a dynamic and vulnerable interdependence Appl. Animal Behav Sci. 86 173–204

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Toates P. Jensen (1991) Ethological and psychological models of motivation – towards a synthesis J.-A. Meyer S. Wilson (Eds) From Animals to Animals MIT Press Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • E.G. Tolman (1932) Purposive Behaviour in Animals and Men The Century Co. New York

    Google Scholar 

  • N.M. White R.J. McDonald (2002) ArticleTitleMultiple parallel memory systems in the brain of the rat Neurobiol. Learn. Memory 77 125–184 Occurrence Handle10.1006/nlme.2001.4008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.S. Wilson (1999) ArticleTitleTasty slice – but where is the rest of the pie? Evol. Human Behav. 20 279–287 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00010-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E.O. Wilson (1975) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis Harvard University Press Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • T.D. Wilson S. Lindsey T.Y. Schooler (2000) ArticleTitleA model of dual attitudes Psychol. Rev. 107 101–126 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.101 Occurrence Handle10687404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R.B. Zajonc (1980) ArticleTitleFeeling and thinking – preferences need no inferences Am. Psychol. 35 151–175 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0003-066X.35.2.151

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frederick Toates.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Toates, F. Evolutionary Psychology – Towards a More Integrative Model. Biol Philos 20, 305–328 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-004-0756-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-004-0756-3

Keywords

Navigation