A political theory of post-Communism examines its implications for understanding liberty, rights, transitional justice, property rights, privatization, rule of law, centrally planned public institutions like higher education, and the legacies of totalitarian thought in language and discourse. The transition to post-totalitarianism was the spontaneous adjustment of the rights of the late-totalitarian elite to its interests. Post-totalitarian governments faced severe scarcity in the supply of justice. Rough justice punished the perpetrators and compensated their victims. Historical theories of property rights became radical, and consequentialist theories, conservative. Totalitarianism in Europe disintegrated but did not end. The legacies of totalitarianism in higher education meet New Public Management, totalitarian central planning under a new label. Totalitarianism divorced language from reality through the use of dialectics that identifies opposites and the use of logical fallacies to argue for ideological conclusions. I illustrate these legacies in writings of Habermas, Derrida and Žižek about democracy, personal responsibility, dissidents, and totalitarianism. Endorsements: “Discussion about post-communist Central and Eastern Europe has long been tethered to imprecise, ideologically driven thinking. This book reframes the conversation in a manner befitting the region’s unique history and plugs a lingering gap in political theory.” – Benjamin Cunningham, Prague correspondent for The Economist “’Only dissidents can save us now. This will be the one truly positive legacy of totalitarianism (maybe together with public transportation),’ writes Aviezer Tucker. His book deals with the negative aspects of this legacy, though – and there are plenty of them, not only in the East. Essential reading at a time when the history of Central and Eastern Europe seems unfinished, again.” – Aleksander Kaczorowski, editor of Aspen Review Central Europe “In this superb and long-awaited book, Aviezer Tucker writes from a deep understanding of totalitarian and post-totalitarian regimes, mainly under Communism but also elsewhere. In his vivid phrase, ‘Totalitarianism is not dead, it merely disintegrated. Its pieces are spread all over and they can be put back together again.’ Ranging from painstaking empirical documentation to acute conceptual analyses, written with passion and irony, the book will undermine the complacency and willful blindness of many Western intellectuals and politicians.” – Jon Elster, Robert K. Merton Professor of Social Science, Columbia University “Aviezer Tucker does not let us forget the totalitarian past – and with good reason. In this admirably comprehensive book, he revisits the much-debated (but later ignored) notions of totalitarianism, late totalitarianism, and post-totalitarianism and offers a powerful, thought-provoking interpretation of their legacies. Tucker discusses interrelated issues in elite change, lustration, transitional justice, property rights, and the configuration of post-totalitarian thinking in a way that opens new insights for academic debates. This book is a welcome contribution to studies in both political philosophy and historical sociology.” – András Bozóki, Professor of Political Science, Central European University