AF T Philosophy of Science in Germany, 1992–2012: Survey-Based Overview and Quantitative Analysis∗ Matthias Unterhuber · Alexander Gebharter · Gerhard Schurz DR Abstract An overview of the German philosophy of science community is given for the years 1992 to 2012, based on a survey, at which 159 philosophers of science in Germany participated. To this end, the institutional background of the German philosophy of science community is examined in terms of journals, centers, and associations. Furthermore, a qualitative description and a quantitative analysis of our survey results are presented. Quantitative estimates are given for: (a) academic positions, (b) research foci, (c) philosophers’ of science most important publications, and (d) externally funded projects, where for (c) all survey participants had indicated their five most important publications in philosophy of science. In addition, the survey results for (a)–(c) are also qualitatively described, as they are interesting in their own right. With respect to (a), we estimated the gender distribution among academic positions. Concerning (c), we quantified philosophers’ of science preference for (i) journals and publishers, (ii) publication format, (iii) language, and (iv) coauthorship for their most important publications. With regard to research projects, we determined their (i) prevalence, (ii) length, and (iii) trend (an increase in number?) and well as their most frequent (iv) research foci and (v) funding organizations. We also distinguished between German-based and non-German-based journals, publishers, and funding institutions, making it thereby possible to evaluate the involvement of the German philosophy of science community in the international research landscape. Finally, we discuss some implications of our findings. 1 Introduction Philosophy of science in Germany has a rich past and its history as of the early to mid/late 20th century is well-known, as exemplified by philosophers such as ∗ This is a draft paper. The final version of this paper is published under the following bibliographical data: Unterhuber M., Gebharter, A., & Schurz, G. (2014). Philosophy of science in Germany, 1992-2012: Survey-based overview and quantitative analysis. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 45(1, suppl.), 71–160. doi:10.1007/s10838-014-9270-8. The final publication is available at http://link.springer.com. 1 Table 1 Overview # Research Question Sect. 1 Academic Positions and Gender AF T (a) Which characteristics do PoS in Germany have with regard to position and gender? (b) Which academic positions do individual PoS in Germany have? 2 Foci of Research (a) Which research foci are most common among professors in the German Philosophy of Science Community? (b) Which research foci are most prevalent among PoS? (c) Which research foci do individual PoS in Germany have? 3.1 4 3.2 3.2 4 3 PoS’ Most Important Publications 3.3 3.3 (c) Which percentage of authored publications are in English? 3.3 (d) Do PoS prefer German-based or non-German-based journals and publishers? Does the frequency of publications formats differ for German-based and non-German-based journals and publishers? (e) Which publications do PoS in Germany consider their most important ones? 3.3 DR (a) Which publications formats, journals, and publishers do PoS prefer? (b) How dominant are single-authored publications as opposed to coauthored publications? 5 4 Externally Funded Projects (a) How prevalent are externally funded projects? (b) How long do the projects last? Have they increased in recent years? 3.4 3.4 (c) Which research areas and funding organizations are most dominant? 3.4 (d) To which degree is funding from outside Germany involved? 3.4 5 Institutional Background, with a Focus on Philosophy of Science 6.1 (a) Which official centers exist? (b) Which institutions are strongest in terms of their number of PoS? 6.1 (c) Which German-based societies and associations exist? 6.2 (d) Which German-based journals exist? 6.3 2 DR AF T Hans Reichenbach, Rudolf Carnap, Carl Gustav Hempel, Wolfgang Stegmüller, and Paul Lorenzen. In contrast, much less is known about philosophy of science in Germany of the late 20th and the early 21st century. It is the aim of this paper to fill that gap. To this end, an overview of the German philosophy of science community is given, starting from the year 1992, some time after the German reunification.1 2 This paper gives an overview of the German philosophy of science community in terms of its institutional framework and by focusing on its individual members and their research. As main source of information serves a survey that we conducted in 2012 and at which 159 philosophers of science (PoS) in Germany participated. For the overview, we employed three methods. Besides (i) web-based research, (ii) a qualitative description and (iii) a quantitative analysis of the survey results are given. The survey concerned participants’ (a) academic positions and (b) their involvement in externally funded projects in addition to participants’ (c) research foci and (d) most important publications in philosophy of science. Table 1 overviews our research questions. A qualitative description and a quantitative analysis are given with regard to academic positions (Question 1), research foci (Question 2), and PoS’ most important publications (Question 3) in philosophy of science as elicited by the survey. For externally funded research projects only the results of the quantitative analysis are described (Question 4). Note that the qualitative description of the survey results pertaining to Question 1–3 are not available elsewhere. Web-based research was used for the list of official centers (Question 5a), societies and associations (Question 5c), and journals with a focus on philosophy of science (Question 5d) . In addition, we investigated which institutions were centers in the sense of having the largest number of philosophers of science, as determined by the survey (Question 5b). The paper proceeds as follows. Sect. 2 overviews the material and the procedure used in the survey. Then, Sect. 3–6 address the research questions summarized in Table 1. Finally, Sect. 7 highlights some findings and describes some conclusions that these findings seem support. 2 The Survey Procedure. The survey was based on a questionnaire, which was distributed electronically from June to November 2012. A call for participation, including the questionnaire, was sent twice via the newsletter of the German-based Society 1 An exception is Lyre (2008a) who gives estimates of the number of philosophy of science professorships between 1978 and 2004 (see also Sect. 3.1). However, apart from this, Lyre (2008a) exclusively reports about a workshop on philosophy of science in Germany. 2 For recent papers on national philosophy of science communities see, for example, Stadler (2012) and Vihalemm and Müürsepp (2007). Earlier such papers are, for example: Schurz and Dorn (1993, 1994), Niiniluoto (1993), Uljaki (1994), Barrotta (1998), and Rouse (1998). 3 DR AF T for Analytic Philosophy (“Gesellschaft für Analytische Philosophie”, GAP, see Sect. 6.2) and once via the Philos-L list. In addition, we compiled a list of potential PoS – broadly construed – and sent them a call for participation. As starting point served a number of e-mail addresses of the German-based Society for Philosophy of Science (“Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsphilosophie”, GWP, see Sect. 6.2). Further persons were added that satisfied one of two criteria: (a) having a research focus that falls within philosophy of science, as described by that person’s departmental homepage; (b) being named by a participant of the survey as a philosopher of science in that person’s vicinity (see below). For (a), all home pages of philosophy departments were searched as summarized by the Department of Philosophy at Bielefeld University (2012). Material. The questionnaire and all other material were in German. An English translation was used at a later stage for PoS who did not speak German. The questionnaire asked participants for: (1) their name and current position, including its type and the name of the professorship (if applicable); (2) foci of research in philosophy of science (maximally three), ranked in order of importance; (3) a list of past positions including the name of the department, the type of position, the name of the professorship (if applicable), and its beginning and end in terms of years; (4) a list of their publications as well as their five most important publications in philosophy of science, ranked according to importance; (5) a list of externally funded projects they were a part of, including the name of the project, principal investigators/applicants, superordinate projects (if applicable), funding sources, and the beginning and end of the project in terms of years; (6) other PoS in participants’ vicinity, including emeriti. Points (2)–(5) explicitly referred to the years 1992 to 2012. Exclusion Criteria. No content-based exclusion criteria for philosophy of science were used. Instead, we relied on participants’ judgment concerning this matter. This holds also for participants’ positions, research projects, publications, and research foci. As a consequence, this overview understands philosophy of science in a broad sense. Furthermore, participants were effectively required to have philosophy of science as only one of their research foci rather than their main research focus. Initially, two formal exclusion criteria were applied. The first criterion required that each participant had indicated at least one publication. We dropped this criterion later, as only one person would thus have been excluded. The second criterion pertained to qualifying as a PoS in Germany. To be included in the data analysis all persons had to be associated with a German institution (e.g., university, research center) at some point of time (e.g., having a position, being a student). Due to this, one person was excluded, resulting in 159 persons. 3 The Quantitative Analysis This section concerns the quantitative results of the survey and their discussion. Sect. 3.1 focuses on PoS’ academic positions and their gender distribution. Then, 4 Sect. 3.2 and 3.3 give an overview of the PoS’ research foci and their most important publications in philosophy of science, respectively. Finally, Sect. 3.4 examines PoS’ involvement in externally funded projects. See Table 1 for a detailed overview. 3.1 Participants DR AF T This section concerns the percentages of positions and their gender distribution among PoS in Germany. In addition, we address the representativeness of the sample of participants and its completeness. Firstly, let us focus on the distributions of positions. To this end, we distinguish between: (1) predocs (without doctorate), (2) postdocs (with doctorate), (3) PDs (“Privatdozenten”, private lecturers, with habilitation), (4) apl. professors (“außerplanmäßige Professoren”, non-regular professors), (5) junior professors, (6) emeriti,3 (7) professors (C3, C4, W2, or W3 positions), and (8) other.4 Each person was required to fall in one such category. For that reason we did not count visiting and interim professorships, which are temporary in nature. For non-professors, we always chose the position with the highest academic degree (including habilitation). In all cases, the current position as of the year 2012 was used. Fig. 1(a) summarizes the frequency distribution of positions. Most frequent were professors, followed by postdocs and emeriti. In fact, more than 60% of the participants were professors in the broad sense, that is professors of sorts (4)–(7). Fig. 1(a) seems to suggest that predocs are underrepresented and to a lesser degree postdocs and PDs. However, we were not able to confirm this impression based on the list of potential PoS described in Sect. 2. Concerning predocs, postdocs, and PDs there was much less information available on the home pages of philosophy departments compared to, for example, professors. In contrast, professors and emeriti did not seem to be underrepresented. Compared to the estimate of twenty-eight to thirty-five philosophy of science professorships for the years 1992 to 2006 by Lyre (2008a, p. 397), the number of professors in our survey suggests that almost all professors and emeriti in Germany took part in the survey. This conclusion is supported by the fact that of the list of potential PoS only ten professors and emeriti did not respond to our inquiries. All others either participated or told us that they did not consider themselves PoS. In sum, these results suggest that the survey data allows for reliable inferences about the philosophy of science community in Germany. However, at the same time more weight to publications, foci of research, etc. of persons with a professorship is given. Let us now describe the gender distribution among PoS’ positions. Of the professors in the narrow sense 10.9% were female. Furthermore, none of the apl. 3 Emeriti 4 See includes retired professors. also Sect. 4. 5 (a) Emeriti (13.2%) Other (1.9%) Predocs (6.3%) Postdocs (21.4%) AF T Professors (40.3%) PDs (8.8%) Apl. professors (2.5%) 40 (b) 20 DR Number of Cases 30 (n=34) Junior professors (5.7%) (n=10) (n=8) (n=7) (n=6) (n=5) 0 10 (n=14) PS TP PPE PT HS L PL Areas of Specializations Figure 1. Percentages of Participants’ Academic Positions (a) and Most Common Areas of Specialization among Professors as Indicated by the Name of the Professorship (b). PS = Philosophy of Science, TP = Theoretical Philosophy, PPE = Practical Philosophy/Ethics, PT= Philosophy of Technology, HS = History of Science, L= Logic, and PL = Philosophy of Language. 6 3.2 AF T professors and emeriti were female. In contrast, 55.6% of the junior professors were female as opposed to 7.1% of the PDs, 14.7% of the postdocs, and none of the predocs. These results indicate that women are underrepresented in the German philosophy of science community. Moreover, one might be inclined to regard the high percentage of female junior professors as progress in terms of gender ratio balance. However, the large percentage of female junior professors was not backed up by a sufficiently high percentage of female predocs, postdocs, and PDs. Research Foci DR This section gives an overview of PoS’ research foci. To this end, we distinguished between research areas (e.g., philosophy of physics) and research topics (e.g., causality). We also summarize the most frequent official foci of research among professors in a broad sense (professors of sorts (4)–(7)), as determined by the name of the professorship. An initial classification of participants’ research areas and topics was developed by one of the present authors and modified by a second author. Then, both authors categorized participants’ research foci independently and discussed and resolved their disagreements about their categorizations. In all cases, multiple categories were allowed. Fig. 2(a) and (b) summarize the most frequently chosen research areas among survey participants, respectively. In terms of research areas, philosophy of the natural sciences was way more popular than philosophy of the humanities and the social sciences. In fact, philosophy of physics alone scored more than twice as many votes as the whole area of philosophy of the humanities and social sciences combined. The exceptionally high number of votes for general philosophy of science is partly due to the fact that often specific research topics, such as causality were given, without a qualification by research area. In these cases, that person’s research focus was categorized as general philosophy of science. We shall now address the areas of specialization among professors in the broad sense, that is of sorts (4)–(6). To this end, we classified professorships according to the name of the professorship. Such an approach is viable, since in Germany professorial titles encode the area of specialization of the professor. One of the present authors rated the professorships accordingly and the categorizations were double-checked by a second author. No disagreement was found. Overall 115 categorizations of professorships resulted, for which multiple categories were allowed. In fifteen cases two categories applied, and one professorship qualified for three categories. Fig. 1(b) summarizes the most frequent areas of specializations of professorships. Although professorships with an explicit focus on philosophy of science were most frequent, a range of professors with other areas of specialization participated, including specializations such as practical philosophy/ethics and philosophy of technology. 7 120 (a) 60 (n=39) 40 Number of Cases 80 100 (n=110) AF T 20 (n=27) (n=26) (n=23) (n=23) (n=21) (n=18) 0 (n=12) Gen PP HPoS PM HS PBio PCPN PHS PT Research Areas 25 (b) 20 (n=23) (n=17) 15 (n=16) (n=16) (n=13) 10 (n=12) (n=10) 0 5 DR Number of Cases (n=16) C TP IC EU MS L BP Re Research Topics Figure 2. Number of Participants with Respective Research Areas (a) and Research Topics (b). Gen=General Philosophy of Science, PP=Philosophy of Physics, HPoS=History of Philosophy of Science, PM=Philosophy of Mathematics (including logic), PBio=Philosophy of Biology and the Life Sciences, HS=History of Science, PCPN=Philosophy of Cognitive Science, Psychology, and Neuroscience, PHS=Philosophy of the Humanities and the Social Sciences, and PT=Philosophy of Technology. C=Causality, TP=Theories and Paradigms, IC=Induction and Confirmation, EU=Explanation and Understanding, MS=Models and Simulations, L=Laws of Nature, BP=Bayesianism and Probability, and Re=Scientific Realism. 8 Book Editorships (7.2%) Book Contributions (26.2%) AF T Other (3.7%) Journal Papers (39.2%) Monographs (23.7%) Figure 3. Percentages of Publication Types in the Total Sample of Publications. Note. Other= Edition of Special Issues in Journals and Dictionary/Encyclopedia as well as Dictionary/Encyclopedia Entries. 3.3 Publications DR Let us now address PoS’ most important publications as elicited by the survey. The publications were required to be (1) authored or edited, (2) submitted or published between 1992 and 2012, and (3) published in some form. For (3), the manuscript had to be (i) published by a publishing house or journal, (ii) in press, (iii) available online, or, in the case of theses, (iv) associated with an institution. By (1) and (3) one translation and three manuscripts were excluded, respectively. Moreover, although the survey asked explicitly for publications between 1992 and 2012, twenty-two publications were prior to 1992. To avoid excluding too many publications from the data analysis, we decided to exclude only the oldest publication, which was from the 60s. The remaining publications before 1992 were all from 1977 or later. See Sect. 5 for the complete list of publications that entered the quantitative analysis. The same edition and journal paper was referred to twice in four and two cases, respectively. We included all duplicates in the data analysis, since we were interested where philosophers publish their most important work. To this end, duplicates matter as well, since both of these authors or editors chose that journal or publisher over others. Table 2 describes the types of publications used for the data analysis. Note that proceeding contributions were subsumed under book contributions. Furthermore, four manuscripts were available via archives and one manuscript was 9 AF T Table 2 Summary Statistics for the Overall Sample of Publications as well as GermanBased and Non-Germany-Based Journals and Publishers Pooled Total Publication Type # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 283 8 3 171 189 14 52 2 Journal Papers Reviews Special Issues Monographs Book Contr. Encycl. Entry Book Eds. Encycl. Eds. 9 Journal-Based Per Person % Mean (SD) 39.2 1.1 0.4 23.7 26.2 1.9 7.2 0.3 1.78 0.05 0.02 1.08 1.19 0.09 0.33 0.01 (1.47) (0.27) (0.18) (1.21) (1.15) (0.31) (0.72) (0.16) Ger. Outs. Pub. Type Pooled Pooled Ger. Outs. # % # % % % 179 5 2 147 131 9 34 – 35.3 1.0 0.4 29.0 25.8 1.8 6.7 – 104 3 1 24 58 5 18 2 48.4 1.4 0.5 11.2 27.0 2.3 8.4 1.0 63.2 62.5 66.7 86.0 69.3 64.3 65.4 – 36.7 37.5 33.3 14.0 30.7 35.7 34.6 100 294 40.7 1.85 (1.48) 186 36.7 108 50.2 63.3 36.7 428 59.3 2.69 (1.54) 321 63.3 107 49.8 75.0 25.0 665 92.1 4.18 (1.22) 471 92.9 194 90.2 70.8 29.2 12 Edited 57 7.9 0.36 (0.75) 36 7.1 21 9.8 63.2 36.8 13 Total 722 100 4.54 (1.06) 507 100 215 100 70.2 29.8 DR 10 Book-Based 11 Authored Note. Pub.=Publication, SD=Standard Deviation, Ger.=German-Based, Outs.=Outside Germany, Special Issue=Special Issue of a journal, Contr.=Contribution, Encycl.=Encyclopedia, Eds.=Editorships, JournalBased=publication types 1–3, Book-Based=publication types 4–8, Authored=publication types 1 and 2 as well as 4–6, and Edited=publication types 3, 7, and 8. For the categorization as German and non-German-based see text. 10 DR AF T published on a departmental homepage, all of which were categorized as journal papers. In addition, three unpublished habilitation theses, one unpublished PhD thesis, and one university-based website were listed, all of which were categorized as monographs. Table 2 summarizes the average number of publication types (e.g., bookbased) per person and their standard deviation as well as the percentage of publication types for the total pool of publications. In addition, Fig. 3 displays the distribution of publication types for the total sample of publications. PoS had indicated 101 different journals and 124 different publishers, not including archive publications and publications on departmental homepages or such. The results indicate that PoS in Germany published their most important research primarily in journals, followed by book contributions and monographs. Overall, however, book-based publications had a slight upper hand with roughly 60%. The percentage of journal-based publications seems high, since in philosophy book-based publications, especially monographs, are traditionally preferred. In addition, of all publications 92% were authored in contrast to 7.9% editorships. The average number of publications per publication type and their standard deviation suggests that participants used a blend of different publication formats, by including journal papers, book contributions, and monographs. On the other hand, for these publication types the standard deviation was high. This indicates that this pattern varied strongly. Let us now determine which journals and publishers were most frequently chosen. When a manuscripts had been published by an archive or on a departmental website, the archive or the respective institution was coded as a “journal”. When the publication was a thesis or a department-based website, the corresponding university was taken as the publisher. With respect to book-based publications the following complication arose. Some publishers own other publishers: (a) C. H. Beck owns Nomos; (b) Elsevier owns North Holland; (c) De Gruyter owns Akademie and Ontos; (d) Springer owns Birkhäuser, Leske & Budrich, and Physica. When a publisher owned another publisher, the publications of the owned publisher were counted as publications of the owning publisher. The only exception were cases, in which the owned publisher was among the most frequently chosen ones, as described in Fig. 4–6. However, the only such case was Ontos. Fig. 4(a) and (b) summarize the most frequently chosen journals and publishers among journal-based and book-based publications, respectively. PoS’ preference for philosophy of physics is also reflected by their choice of journals (see Sect. 3.2). The journal Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics was the only journal among the most frequently chosen ones, that focuses on special philosophy of science (i.e., philosophy of biology, philosophy of chemistry, etc.). Among book-based publications, De Gruyter came out as most popular publisher with 12.8%, when one took into account that Ontos is a part of De Gruyter. In addition, of all book-based publications, Springer, Mentis, Ontos, and De Gruyter made up roughly 41.6%. 11 (a) Philosophia Naturalis (6.8%) Philosophy of Science (6.5%) JGPS (8.8%) Erkenntnis (5.4%) Synthese (9.9%) BJPS (4.4%) SHPSB (4.1%) AF T SHPSA (3.4%) Other (50.7%) (b) Ontos (7%) Mentis (7.9%) De Gruyter (5.8%) Suhrkamp (3.3%) WBG (2.8%) Springer (11.7%) Karl Alber (2.8%) OUP (2.6%) DR Kluwer (2.6%) Other (53.5%) Figure 4. Percentages of Most Frequent Journals (a) and Publishers (b) for the Overall Sample of Journal-Based and Book-Based Publications, respectively. Note. JGPS=Journal for General Philosophy of Science, BJPS=British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, SHPSB=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, SHPSA=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, and WBG=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, and OUP=Oxford University Press. 12 DR AF T Let us now inquire how prevalent single-authored publications are in contrast to coauthored publications. Of the 665 authored publications, 87.7% (n=583) were single-authored, as opposed to 12.3% (n=82) coauthored papers. These results indicate that PoS in Germany prefer to publish most of their most important results individually, in contrast to other disciplines. We also addressed the publication language of the authored publications. To this end, we distinguished between (i) German, (ii) English, and (iii) other. In case a publication was available in more than one language, the English version was chosen. A German version was used when a German but no English version existed. Of the authored publications 54.7% were in English (n=364) and 44.2% in German (n=294). The remaining 1.1% (n=7) were Spanish, Italian, Polish, and Bulgarian. Note that also for German language publications English language abstracts are often available, since this is often required by journals and publishers. Let us focus on the percentage to which PoS in Germany prefer “local”, that is German-based, journals and publishers to those that are located outside Germany. Note that many German-based journals and publishers are clearly international. On the other hand, there exist also journals and publishers that are non-German-based but national with respect to other nations. A publisher was categorized as German-based if its operative center was in Germany. A journal counted as German-based if its chief editor was located in Germany. In case the journal did not have a chief editor, the majority of members of the editorial board were required to be German-based. The information for the categorization was obtained by web-based research. Table 2 describes the frequency distribution for German-based and nonGerman-based publication types. Table 2 also specifies for each publication type the percentages of German-based and non-German-based publications. For PoS’ journal-based and book-based publications, the percentages of German-based and non-German-based publications differed. For journal publications non-German-based journals were preferred, whereas for monographs PoS chose German-based publishers rather than non-German-based publishers. In addition, among German-based publications, the percentage of most publications types amounted to roughly 65%, except for monographs and to a lesser degree book contributions.5 Among German-based publications clearly more monographs were chosen and somewhat more book contributions. Let us now summarize the results for journal-based and book-based publications separately for German-based and non-German-based publications. Fig. 5(a) and (b) describe the percentages of the most popular German-based and non-German-based journals, respectively. Of all German-based journals, the Journal for General Philosophy of Science, Philosophia Naturalis, and Erkenntnis made up 55, 8%. Of the non-German-based journals, Synthese, Philosophy of Science, and the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science accounted for 5 The percentage of encyclopedia editions was negligible and, thus, encyclopedia editions are not discussed here. 13 (a) Philosophia Naturalis (18%) JGPS (23.4%) Erkenntnis (14.4%) AF T BW (4.5%) ZPF (3.6%) Erwägen, Wissen, Ethik (3.6%) DZP (2.7%) Analyse und Kritik (2.7%) LAHP (2.7%) (b) Other (24.4%) Philosophy of Science (10.4%) BJPS (7.1%) SHPSB (6.6%) Synthese (15.9%) SHPSA (5.5%) Analysis (3.3%) DR ISPS (3.3%) SHPSC (2.7%) Other (45.2%) Figure 5. Percentages of Most Frequent German-Based (a) and Non-Germany Publications (b) in Journals. Note. JGPS=Journal for General Philosophy of Science, BN=Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, ZPF=Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung, DZP=Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, and LAHP=Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy, BJPS=British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, SHPSB=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, and SHPSA=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, ISPS=International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, and SHPSC=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 14 (a) Ontos (7.9%) Mentis (10.8%) De Gruyter (7.3%) Suhrkamp/Insel (4.4%) Springer (15.9%) WBG (3.8%) AF T Karl Alber (3.8%) LIT (2.9%) K&N (2.9%) C.H. Beck (2.5%) Akademie (2.2%) Klostermann (2.2%) Other (33.4%) (b) Kluwer (10.3%) OUP (10.3%) CUP (8.4%) DR UPP (6.5%) CLSI (6.5%) Other (39.3%) Lang (5.6%) Routledge (4.7%) Rodopi (4.7%) Schwabe (3.7%) Figure 6. Percentages of Most Frequent German-Based (a) and Non-German-Based Publications (b) in a Book Format. Note. WBG=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, LIT= LIT Verlag, K&N= Königshausen & Neumann, OUP=Oxford University Press, CUP=Cambridge University Press, UPP=University of Pittsburgh Press, Lang=Peter Lang Verlag, and CSLI=Center for the Study of Language and Information (Stanford). 15 3.4 AF T roughly 33%. Furthermore, of the 101 different journals chosen by PoS, 35 were German-based whereas 66 were non-German-based. Fig. 6(a) and (b) overview the percentages of publishers for German-based and non-German-based publications in a book format, respectively. For bookbased publications, the results closely resemble the pattern for the overall sample of book-based publications. This is to be expected, since in the overall sample the six most popular publishers were German-based. Moreover, in total 80 Germanbased publishers had been indicated by PoS in contrast to 44 non-German-based publishers. Concerning non-German-based publications in a book format note the following. The number of votes for Center for the Study of Language and Information at Stanford (CSLI) was largely due to the five Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entries, which is published by the CSLI. Research Projects DR This section overviews externally funded research projects in philosophy of science. To this end, the following types of externally funded research projects were distinguished: (1) individual research projects, (2) conference/workshop support, (3) financed research semesters, and (4) larger units, such as research units (“Forschergruppen”, FORs), research training groups (“Graduiertenkollegien”), or collaborative research centers (“Sonderforschungsbereiche”, SFBs). The quantitative analysis in this section is based on the number of individual projects rather than their financial volume. Henceforth, we refer to this type of projects simply as projects. In case a sub-project was reported to be a part of a larger unit and the sub-project was comparable to an individual project, the sub-project was included. If no such sub-project was listed for a larger unit, the larger unit was admitted and received a vote equal to a single sub-project. Let us now address the prevalence of PoS’ involvement with externally funded projects. To this end, multiple references of the same project were allowed, as for example a professor and that professor’s collaborator referring to the same project. Of the 261 projects 197 were individual projects, thirteen funded conferences/workshops, and seven financed research semesters. In addition a number of larger units was reported, such as research units and collaborate research centers, for which typically three or less sub-projects were indicated. The research unit FOR 1063 ‘Causation, Laws, Dispositions, and Explanation at the Interface of Science and Metaphysics’ was exceptional, since ten of its sub-projects were reported. In general, projects were reported by principal investigators and applicants (n=198) rather than by other associated persons (n=64). This supports our hypothesis that non-professorial philosophers were underrepresented, since often researchers apply for externally funded projects in order to secure funding for positions of non-professorial collaborators. We also determined to which degree individual PoS were involved in externally funded projects. Per participant 1.64 projects were found, with a high 16 70 (a) 40 (n=32) 30 (n=29) (n=26) (n=24) 20 Number of Cases 50 60 (n=62) (n=14) (n=12) Gen (n=11) (n=10) AF T 0 10 (n=16) HoP HS Form PBio PP PCIS PCPN Ed VE Areas (b) Other (36.9%) DR DFG (43.2%) BMBF (2.5%) Humboldt (2.9%) Thyssen (3.3%) SNF (5.4%) VW (5.8%) Figure 7. Most Frequent Areas of Research (a) and Percentages of Most Frequent Funding Organizations (b) of Research Projects. Note. Gen=General Philosophy of Science, HoP=History of Philosophy and Philosophy of Science, HS=History of Science, Form=Formal Projects, PBio=Philosophy of Biology and the Life Sciences, PP=Philosophy of Physics, PCIS= Philosophy of Computer and Information Science, PCPN=Philosophy of Cognitive Science, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Ed=Editorial Work, VE=Values and Ethics, VW=Volkswagen Foundation, SNF=Swiss National Science Foundation, Thyssen=Fritz Thyssen Foundation, Humboldt=Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and BMBF= Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (“Federal Ministry of Education and Research”). 17 DR AF T variability (SD=2.04). Of the 159 participants 102 reported an involvement in externally funded projects with a focus on philosophy of science. Eight participants had indicated five or more projects with Martin Carrier reporting most projects (n=16). Let us now focus on the length of the individual projects. The average length of the research projects was 3.46 years, again with a high degree of variability (SD=4.05 years).6 On the other hand, eleven projects lasted more than eight years. These projects were mainly research training groups, encyclopedia projects, and editions of the collected work of individual philosophers and scientists. Jürgen Mittelstraß reported the longest project for the edition of the Encyclopedia Philosophy and Philosophy of Science (“Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie”). It amounted to forty-six years. We also inquired whether the number of projects increased in recent years. To this end, the average year was calculated as well as the standard deviation, based on the beginning and end of the project. The average year of all projects was 2006 and the standard deviation was 5.6 years. This result suggests that the majority of projects in philosophy of science took place after the year 2000. Although participants might have tended to report more recent projects, the finding is too strong to be fully accounted for by this preference. Rather, this phenomenon seems to be largely due to overall increase of short-term and project-based positions in the humanities and the sciences in Germany in recent years. On the other hand, the number of permanent positions did not seem to have increased, as determined by a qualitative inspection of PoS’ positions as described in Sect. 4. Let us now explore the research areas in which the projects fell as well as the funding organizations of the projects. For this purpose, we took as basis the total number of non-duplicate research projects. To this end, we also included financed research semesters, funded conferences, and workshops, resulting in 217 projects. To determine the most frequent areas of research of the projects, two of the present authors rated the projects independently and both authors discussed and resolved their disagreement. In all cases multiple categories were allowed. Fig. 7(a) describes the most frequent areas of research of projects. Interestingly, the foci of projects differ from PoS’ most frequent research areas in Fig. 2(a). This might be due to the following facts. Firstly, research in some areas (e.g., philosophy of physics) might be done by persons who are directly associated with universities and professorships rather than by positions which are based on externally funded projects. Secondly, philosophy of science seems to profit from projects with different but related foci, such as formal projects, insofar as philosophers associated with 6 We give here only a rough estimate of the length of the research projects, since the beginning and the end of the projects was elicited only in terms of years. In case no end date was given – since it was still on-going as of the year 2012 – we used the year 2013 as the default value. 18 Academic Positions and Research Foci of Individual Philosophers of Science DR 4 AF T those other projects also have a research focus that falls within philosophy of science. Let us now focus on the funding institutions of the externally funded research projects. For several of the 217 projects more than one funding source was named, resulting in a total of 241 references to funding organizations. In twentyone cases a project had two funding organization and in four cases there were more than two. Fig. 7(b) describes the percentages of funding organizations for the total number of references to funding organizations. The large percentage of the German Research Foundation (DFG) was not unexpected. In contrast, the large percentage of the Swiss National Science Foundation seems remarkable. Finally, we investigated to which degree the funding of projects was based on institutions outside of Germany. One of the present authors categorized all funding institutions according to the the following categories: (1) nation-specific funding institution outside Germany (e.g., the Swiss National Science Foundation), (2) international or local non-German-based funding institution (e.g., Center for Philosophy of Science, Pittsburgh; Sidney M. Edelstein Foundation), (3) binational funding institution (e.g., the German-Israeli Foundation), and (4) Europe-wide funding schema (e.g., the European Science Foundation). Of the funding organizations 15.4% were national albeit non-German-based. Furthermore, 2.9% were a part of a Europe-wide research schema. A further 6.6% was either funded by local non-German-based institutions or involved binational funding. We also calculated the total number of projects that involved funding organization outside Germany. Altogether 24.0% qualified as such. This section concerns academic positions of PoS in Germany from 1992 to 2012 as well as their research foci, as described by the survey. The academic positions are listed alphabetically according to (i) city, (ii) name of the institution, and (iii) department or faculty (if applicable). For each department or faculty (if applicable), sections present and past summarize PoS’ most recent position as of the year 2012 and their earlier positions, respectively, at that department or faculty. PoS’ foci of research and their positions outside Germany are reported after their most recent position in Germany. With regards to academic positions, the following non-professorial positions are distinguished, in accordance with participants’ responses on the survey: (1) academic associate (“Mitarbeiter”), (2) research associate (“Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter”, “Wissenschaftlicher Angestellter”), (3) (academic) assistant (“(Universitäts)assistent”), (4) study assistant (“Studienassistent”), (5) research assistant (“Wissenschaftlicher Assistent”), (6) senior assistant (“Oberassistent”), (7) lecturer (“Dozent”, “Lehrbeauftragter”, “Lehrkraft für besondere Aufgaben”), 19 AF T (8) predoc (without doctorate), (9) postdoc, (10) PD (“Privatdozent”, private lecturer, with habilitation), and (11) scholar (“Stipendiat”). In addition, we differentiate between (12) Akademischer Rat and (13) Akademischer Oberrat, where (13) is the senior version of (12). In contrast to (1)–(11), (12) and (13) describe civil servant positions. The modifier ‘auf Zeit’ indicates that the position is temporary. Note that the categories (1) academic associate, (2) research associate, (3) (academic) assistant, and (7) lecturer are heterogeneous. For these positions, we added information based on research on the web. Moreover, these positions may differ from positions with the same label outside Germany (e.g., the UK). For professorships there exist two classifications: The old classification of professorial positions discriminates between C3 and C4 professorships, where C4 professorships are equipped with a higher salary. The categories C1 and C2 refer to non-professorial or non-regular professorial posts. The new classification of professorial positions differentiates between three types of professorships. W2 and W3 positions describe traditional professorships, where W3 professorships are furnished with a higher salary. In contrast, W1 positions are junior professorships. Junior professorships have been installed in Germany several years ago as an alternative to the traditional habilitation process. However, at present there are only a few junior professorships available in philosophy. In addition, there are non-regular professorships (apl. professorship, “Außerplanmäßige Professur”). The apl. professorships are are sometimes awarded to PDs and often lack the financial compensation of regular professorial posts. Department of Literature, Linguistics, Philosophy, RWTH Aachen University DR Present (1) Reinhold Breil, Research Assistant (Predoc and Postdoc, 1987–1994), PD (1994–2004), Apl. Professor of Philosophy (since 2004): (i) Philosophy of Science of the Natural Sciences, (ii) History of Philosophy of Science, and (iii) Philosophy of NeoKantianism. (2) Joachim Bromand, W3 Interim Professor of Theoretical Philosophy (since 2012): For research foci see Department of Philosophy, University of Bonn. (3) Rafaela Hillerbrand, Junior Professor of Applied Ethics of Technology (since 2009), Senior Research Fellow at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford (2006– 2008): (i) Philosophy of Simulation, (ii) (Scientific) Modeling, and (iii) Philosophy of Physics. (4) Wulf Kellerwessel, Research Associate (Postdoc and PD, 1994–2008), several times Interim Professor (since 2002), and Apl. Professor and Akademischer Oberrat auf Zeit (since 2008): The Philosophy of Science of N. Rescher. (5) Ludger Jansen, Interim Professor of Theoretical Philosophy (since 2011): For research foci see Department of Philosophy, University of Rostock. (6) Nicola Mößner, Postdoc (since 2009): (i) Visualization in the Sciences, (ii) Social Aspects of Cognitive Processes in the Scientific Community, and (iii) Ludwik Fleck. (7) Michael Poznic, Predoc (since 2010): Scientific Representation. Department of Philosophy, Augsburg University Present (1) Uwe Meixner, Academic Associate (with habilitation, since 2010): (i) Causality, (ii) Modality, and (iii) Laws of Nature. (2) Uwe Voigt, W3 Professor and 20 Chair of Analytic Philosophy and Philosophy of Science (since 2011): (i) Philosophy of Interdisciplinarity, (ii) Philosophy of Psychology, and (iii) History of Philosophy of Science (esp. Antiquity, Middle Ages, and Early Modern Period) Past (1) Tobias Jung, Lecturer (Postdoc, 2004–2011). (2) Klaus Mainzer, C4 Professor of Philosophy and Philosophy of Science (1988–2007). (3) Wolfgang Pietsch, Research Associate (Postdoc, 2008). (4) Carsten Seck, Research Associate (Postdoc, 2008–2009). Department of Classical Philology and Philosophy, University of Bamberg AF T Present Christian Illies, Chair of Practical Philosophy (since 2008), Tenured Lecturer at the Eindhoven University of Technology (2002–2008), Professor of Philosophy of Culture and Technology at the Delft University of Technology (2006–2008): (i) Philosophy of Biology and Theory of Evolution and (ii) Philosophical Anthropology. Past Uwe Voigt, Research Assistant (Predoc, Postdoc, and PD) and Interim Professor (1993–2010). Department of Philosophy, University of Bayreuth Past (1) Eckhart Arnold, Assistant (Postdoc, 2007–2009). (2) Ulrich Gähde, C3 Professor of Philosophy (1993–1999). Center for Literary and Cultural Research Berlin Past Christine Blättler, Research Associate (Postdoc, 2001–2006). Department of Philosophy and Humanities, Free University of Berlin DR Present (1) Gabriele Gramelsberger, Project Head, Including Projects funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Postdoc, since 2004): (i) Computational Sciences, (ii) Philosophy of Mathematics, and (iii) Simulations in Biology and Metereology. (2) Susanne Lettow, Visiting Professor of Social Philosophy and Political Philosophy of Gender Relations (PD, since 2011), Project Head at the Institute for Human Sciences, University of Vienna (Postdoc and PD, 2008–2011), Visiting Scholar at the Department for History and Philosophy of Science, Cambridge University (2011): (i) Historical Epistemology, (ii) Science and Technology Studies, and (iii) Feminist Philosophy of Science. Past (1) Gregor Betz, Postdoc (2005–2008). (2) Elke Brendel, C1 Research Assistant (Postdoc, 1994–1998). (3) Ulrich Gähde, Senior Assistant (PD and Heisenberg Scholar, 1989–1993). (4) Carlos-Ulises Moulines, C4 Professor of Theory and History of the Natural Sciences (1988–1993). (5) Richard Schantz, Postdoc and Lecturer (also with habilitation, 1985–1998). (6) Oliver R. Scholz, C1 Research Assistant (Postdoc and PD, 1993–2001) and PD (since 1997). Department of Physics, Free University of Berlin Present Stephan M. Fischer, Lecturer (since 1999): For research foci see Department of Philosophy and History of Literature, Science, and Technology, Technical University Berlin. Department of Philosophy, Humboldt University of Berlin Present (1) Timm Lampert, Visiting Professor of Philosophy of Science and Nature (since 2010; PD since 2008), Assistant and Senior Assistant at the Department 21 AF T of Philosophy, University of Bern (Postdoc, 1999–2006), Postdoc at the Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (2007–2008): (i) New Logic, (ii) Foundations of Mathematics, and (iii) History and Philosophy of Color Science. (2) Olaf Müller, Professor and Chair of Natural Philosophy and Philosophy of Science of the Natural Sciences (since 2003): (i) Underdetermination of Theories, (ii) Goethe’s Criticism of Newton, and (iii) A Priori Statements in Physics. (3) Karl-Georg Niebergall, W3 Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Language (since 2008), Visiting Scholar at the Department of Mathematics, Stanford University (Postdoc, 1997): (i) Reduction and Reducibility, (ii) Formalization of Empirical Theories, and (iii) Syntactical vs. Semantical Methods. (4) Eric Oberheim, Lecturer (Postdoc, since 2004): (i) Incommensurability, (ii) Paul Feyerabend, and (iii) Scientific Progress. (5) Barbara Vetter, Junior Professor of Theoretical Philosophy (since 2010), Predoc at the University of Oxford (2007–2010): Metaphysics of the Sciences, esp. Dispositions and Laws of Nature. Past (1) Michael Heidelberger, C3 Professor of Philosophy of the Natural Sciences and Natural Philosophy (1995–2002). (2) Helmut Heit, Postdoc (2006–2007). (3) Uwe Scheffler, Assistant and Senior Assistant (1981–2007). (4) Gregor Schiemann, Research Associate (Postdoc, 1996–2001). DR Max Planck Institute for History of Science, Berlin Present (1) Christoph Lehner, Research Associate (Postdoc, since 2004), Assistant Professor at the University of Kentucky (1997–1998), Senior Assistant Editor at the Boston University (1998–2000), Senior Research Fellow at the California Institute of Technology (2000–2003): (i) Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, (ii) Philosophy of Space-Time, and (iii) Philosophy of the Cognitive Sciences. (2) Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, Director of the Max Planck Institute (since 1997), Apl. Professor at the Department of General Genetics, University of Salzburg (1994–1996): (i) History and Epistemology of Experiments, (ii) History of Biology, and (iii) Historical Epistemology. Past (1) Christian Joas, Research Scholar (Postdoc, 2007–2012). (2) Maria Kronfeldner, Postdoc (2006–2008). (3) Tilman Sauer, Postdoc (1994–1997). (4) Friedrich Steinle, Postdoc (1999–2004). (5) Thomas Sturm, Lorenz Krüger Research Fellow (Predoc and Postdoc, 2005–2009), Visiting Lecturer at the Department of Philosophy, University of California at San Diego (Predoc, 2000), Ramón y Cajal Research Associate at the Department of Philosophy, Aut?noma University of Barcelona (Postdoc, since 2009): (i) Kant’s Philosophy of Science, (ii) Philosophy and History of Psychology, and (iii) Theories of Rationality. Department of Philosophy and History of Literature, Science, and Technology, University of Technology Berlin (TU Berlin) Present (1) Ulrich Dirks, Research Associate and Assistant (Predoc and Postdoc, 1994–2008), Guest Professor of Philosophy (2008–2010), Research Associate and Project Head (since 2011): (i) Philosophy of Mathematics, (ii) Models, and (iii) Knowledge and Holism. (2) Stephan M. Fischer, Lecturer and PD (since 2007), Visiting Fellow at the Department for History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge (2002), Lecturer at the Department of Philosophy, University of Innsbruck (since 2011): (i) Philosophy of Physics, Biology, and History, (ii) Possibility and Contingency, and (iii) Ontology and Fundamental Principles of Scientific Theories. (3) Helmut Heit, Postdoc (Dilthey Fellow; since 2007): (i) History of Philosophy of Science (Nietzsche and Feyerabend), (ii) Science and (Western) Culture, and (iii) Values and Science. (4) Friedrich Steinle, Professor of History of Science (since 2009), Professor of History and Epistemology of the Sciences at the Department of History, Epistemology 22 and Didactics of Science and Technology, University Lyon 1 (2004): (i) Philosophy of Experiments, (ii) Formation and Dynamics of Scientific Concepts, and (iii) Dynamics of Scientific Meta-Concepts (Laws, Facts, etc.). Past (1) Elena Ficara, Lecturer (Postdoc, 2006–2011). (2) Hans Poser, Professor and C4 Professor of Philosophy (1971–2005, Emeritus since 2005): (i) General Philosophy of Science, (ii) Complexity, and (iii) Philosophy of Science of the Technological Sciences. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities AF T Past (1) Kristian Köchy, Research Associate (with habilitation, 2001–2003). (2) Thomas Sturm, Research Associate and Scientific Coordinator (Predoc, 2001–2005). Department of Philosophy, Bielefeld University DR Present (1) Martin Carrier, C4 Professor of Philosophy (since 1998): (i) Science in the Context of Application, (ii) Theory-Ladenness and Empirical Testability, and (iii) Conceptual Relations among Theoretical Systems and Reductionism. (2) Maria Kronfeldner, Research Associate (Postdoc, 2008–2010), Junior Professor of Philosophy of Science (since 2010): Philosophy and History of the Life Sciences. (3) Johannes Lenhard, Research Associate and Postdoc (2004–2009 and since 2011), Associate Professor at the Department of History, University of South Carolina (2009-2010): (i) Simulation and Computational Modeling and (ii) Philosophy of Mathematics. Past (1) Florian Fischer, Research Associate (Predoc, 2012). (2) Andreas Hüttemann, Assistant, Senior Assistant, and Heisenberg Scholar (Postdoc and PD, 1998– 2004). (3) Ulrich Krohs, W3 Interim Professor of Philosophy of Science (2009–2011). (4) Anna Leuschner, Lecturer and Assistant (Predoc and Postdoc, 2010–2012). (5) Holger Lyre, W3 Interim Professor of Philosophy of Science (2006–2009). (6) Cornelis Menke, Academic Associate (Postdoc, 2008). (7) Wolfgang Spohn, Professor of Philosophy of Science (1991–1996). (8) Michael Stöltzner, Research Associate (Predoc and Postdoc, 2001–2005). (9) Torsten Wilholt, C1 Research Assistant (Postdoc, 2002– 2011). (10) Michael Wolff, C2 Professor of Philosophy (1982–2007, Emeritus since 2007): (i) Philosophy of Physics, (ii) Philosophy of Mathematics, and (iii) Context of Discovery of Classical Mechanics. Institute of Science and Technology Studies, Bielefeld University Present Cornelis Menke, Predoc and Postdoc (2006–2008) and Dilthey Fellow (VW Foundation; Postdoc, since 2009): (i) Methodology, (ii) History of Science, and (iii) Social Epistemology. Past Johannes Lenhard, Research Associate and Postdoc (2001–2004). Department of Philosophy I, Ruhr University Bochum Present (1) Michael Anacker, Research Associate (Postdoc, 2003–2011) and Akademischer Rat auf Zeit (PD, since 2011): (i) Constitutive Conditions and Research Practices, (ii) Underdetermination, and (iii) History of Psychology. (2) Jan Baedke, Predoc (since 2007): (i) History and Philosophy of Science of the Life Sciences, (ii) Causal Explanation, and (iii) Philosophical Anthropology. (3) Helmut Pulte, Lecturer (Postdoc and PD, 1992–2002), C4 Professor of Philosophy with a Focus on Philosophy and History of Science (since 2002), Fellow at the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge (1995–1996): (i) History of Philosophy of Science, (ii) Philosophy and History of Mathematics, and (iii) Theory and History of the Natural 23 AF T Sciences. (4) Tobias Schöttler, Research Associate (Predoc and Postdoc, since 2008): (i) Forms of Representation in the Sciences, (ii) Mathematical Proofs, and (iii) Certainty in Mathematics. Past7 (1) Gottfried Gabriel, C3 Professor of Philosophy with a Focus on Logic and Philosophy of Language (1992–1995), (2) Hans-Ulrich Hoche, Professor (1980–1996, Retired since 1996): (i) The Notion of Objectivity and the Dependence of Objects on the Subjective Access (Complementarism) and (ii) a Linguistically Oriented Conceptual Analysis of “Because” Statements. (3) Eva-Maria Jung, Research Associate (Predoc, 2007–2009). (4) Holger Lyre, Research Associate (Postdoc, 1997–2002). (5) Ulrike Pompe, Predoc and Postdoc (2007–2011). (6). Carsten Seck, Predoc and Postdoc (2001–2008). Department of Philosophy II, Ruhr University Bochum8 Present (1) Peter Brössel, Research Associate (Postdoc, since 2012): (i) Confirmation Theory, (ii) Causality, and (iii) Laws of Nature. (2) Markus Werning, W2 Professor of Philosophy of Language and Cognition (since 2010), Research Scholar at the Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University (1997–1998): (i) Philosophy of Linguistics, (ii) Philosophy of Neuroscience, and (iii) Philosophy of Psychology. Instititute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum Past Gerhard Müller-Strahl, Research Associate (Postdoc and PD, 1999–2006). Department of Philosophy, University of Bonn DR Present (1) Andreas Bartels, C4 Professor of Philosophy of Science and Natural Philosophy (since 2000): (i) Philosophy of Physics, (ii) Philosophy of Science, and (iii) Philosophy of Cognition and Neurophilosophy. (2) Elke Brendel, W3 Professor and Chair of Logic and Fundamental Research (since 2009): (i) Theories of Knowledge and (ii) Thought Experiments. (3) Joachim Bromand, W1 Research Assistant (Postdoc and PD) and W3 Interim Professor of Logic and Fundamental Research (since 2000): (i) Philosophy of Science, esp. of the Formal Sciences, (ii) Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics, and (iii) Philosophy of Computer Science. (4) Florian Fischer, Research Associate and Lecturer (Predoc, since 2006): (i) Philosophy of Laws of Nature, (ii) Philosophy of Special Relativity Theory, and (iii) Mathematization. (5) Jacob Rosenthal, Research Assistant (Postdoc and PD, 2001–2003 and since 2005): Interpretations of Probability. (6) Carsten Seck, Akademischer Rat auf Zeit (Postdoc, since 2009): (i) Causality, Models and Explanation in Quantum Chemistry, (ii) Cassirer, Reichenbach and Schlick, and (iii) History of Philosophy of Science (esp. Kant and the Vienna Circle). Past (1) Holger Andreas, Assistant (Postdoc, 2007). (2) Daniela Bailer-Jones,9 Research Associate (Postdoc and PD, 2000–2005). (3) Cord Friebe, Research Assistant and Interim Senior Assistant (with habilitation, 2006–2011). (4) Ludger Jansen, Postdoc (2002–2004). (5) Holger Lyre, Research Assistant (Postdoc and PD, 2002– 2006) and Senior Assistant (2006–2007). (6) Thomas Müller, Research Assistant (Postdoc, 2002–2007), Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy, University of 7 We list past members of both Department I and II at the University of Bochum here. past members see Department of Philosophy I (cf. Footnote 7). 9 Jochen Apel provided Daniela Bailer-Jones’ (†) list of positions and research foci. 8 For 24 Utrecht (since 2007): (i) Formal Methods, (ii) Philosophy of Physics, and (iii) Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Practice. Mathematical Institute, University of Bonn Past Moritz Epple, PD and Heisenberg Scholar (1999–2001). Philosophy Department, Braunschweig University of Technology AF T Present Nicole C. Karafyllis, W3 Professor of Philosophy with a Focus on Philosophy of Science and Technology (since 2010), Full Professor at the Department of Philosophy, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi (2008–2010): (i) Life Sciences as Technology Sciences, (ii) Technology, Artefacts and their Ontology, and (iii) the Laboratory and Society. Past (1) Ulrich Frey, Predoc (2005–2007). (2) Christoph Lütge, Interim Professor (2008–2010). (3) Hannes Rusch, Lecturer (Predoc, 2010–2011). (4) Gerhard Vollmer, C4 Professor of Philosophy (1991–2008, Retired since 2009): (i) Evolution in the Sciences and Philosophy, (ii) Naturalism, and (iii) Pseudosciences. Institute for Philosophy, University of Bremen DR Present (1) Meinard Kuhlmann, Research Associate, Research Assistant, and Akademischer Rat (Predoc, Postdoc, and PD, since 1997), Research Associate at the Department of Philosophy, University of California at Irvine (1998): (i) Philosophy of Physics (esp. Quantum Physics), (ii) Explanation and Mechanisms, and (iii) Philosophy of Complex Systems, esp. Economics (Financial Markets) and Statistical Physics. (2) Manfred Stöckler, C4 Professor of Theoretical Philosophy with a Focus on Natural Philosophy and Philosophy of the Natural Sciences (since 1991): (i) Philosophy of Physics (esp. Quantum Theory and Cosmology), (ii) Reduction, Emergence, and Self-Organization, and (iii) Time and Other Fundamental Concepts of Natural Philosophy. (3) Paul Näger, Research Associate (Predoc, since 2010): (i) Quantum Theory (esp. Entanglement and EPR/Bell), (ii) Causality, and (iii) Theory of Relativity (esp. Compatibility with Entanglement). Coburg University of Applied Sciences Present Eckhart Arnold, Lecturer (Postdoc, since 2012), (i) Epistemology of Computer Simulations and (ii) Philosophy of the Social Sciences. Department of Philosophy, University of Cologne Present (1) Andreas Hüttemann, W3 Professor and Chair of Modern and Contemporary Theoretical Philosophy (since 2010): (i) Laws of Nature, Dispositions, and Causality (ii) Reduction and Emergence, and (iii) Natural Philosophy in Modern Philosophy. (2) Marie I. Kaiser, Research Associate (Predoc and Postdoc, since 2010): (i) Philosophy of Biology, (ii) Reductionism and Reductive Explanations, and (iii) Causality and Complex Systems. (3) Alexander Reutlinger, Predoc and Postdoc (since 2010), Fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science, Pittsburgh University (2011–2012): (i) Metaphysics of Science (Causality, Laws of Nature, and Ceteris Paribus Laws) and (ii) Complexity. (4) Markus Schrenk, Postdoc (since 2010), Predoc and Postdoc at the Department of Philosophy, University of Oxford (2004–2007), Postdoc at the Department of Philosophy, Nottingham University (2006–2009): (i) Dispositions, (ii) Laws of Nature, and (iii) Causality. 25 Past (1) Ulrich Charpa, Lecturer (until 1998). (2) Michael Esfeld, C3 Professor of Epistemology, Philosophy of Science, and Logic (2001–2002), Professor and Chair of Philosophy of Science at the Department of Philosophy, University of Lausanne (since 2002): (i) Philosophy of Physics, (ii) Philosophy of Mind, and (iii) Metaphysics of Science. (3) Elena Ficara, Predoc (2001–2005). (4) Ruth Hagengruber, Lecturer (Postdoc and PD, 1996–2005). Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne Past Ulrich Charpa, Lecturer (1998–2002). AF T Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Computer Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Present Klaus Kornwachs, Professor of Philosophy of Technology (1992–2011, Emeritus since 2011): (i) Technological Sciences, (ii) Computer Science, and (iii) Physics and Psychology. Department of Philosophy, Darmstadt University of Technology Present Alfred Nordmann, C3 Professor of History and Philosophy of the Sciences (since 2002), Assistant and Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy, University of South Carolina (1988–2002): (i) Philosophy of the Technological Sciences, (ii) History of Philosophy of Science, and (iii) Formation of Knowledge and Object Concepts in the Sciences. Past (1) Anna Leuschner, Predoc (2007–2009). (2) Gregor Schiemann, Lecturer (Predoc, 1989–1995) and Research Associate (since 1993). Department of Philosophy and Political Science, Dortmund University of Technology DR Present (1) Claus Beisbart, Postdoc (since 2005), Postdoc at the Nuclear and Astrophysics Laboratory, Division Astrophysics, Oxford University (2001): (i) Computer Simulations, (ii) Philosophy of Physics (Relativity Theory and Statistical Physics), and (iii) Probability. (2) Brigitte Falkenburg, C4 Professor of Theoretical Philosophy with a Focus on Philosophy of Science and Technology (since 1997): (i) Philosophy of Physics (the Notion of Particle, Unification in Astroparticle Physics, Types of Scientific Explations), (ii) History of Philosophy and Science (Kant’s Theory of Nature, Neo-Kantianism of the Marburg School), and (iii) Philosophy of Technology (the Notion of Technology, the Relation of Technology and Economy, Technology Asssement and Climate Change). Past (1) Reiner , Research Associate (2004–2009). (2) Kristian Köchy, C1 Research Assistant (Postdoc and PD, 1995–2001). Department of Philosophy, Dresden University of Technology Present (1) Bernhard Irrgang, C3 Professor of Philosophy of Technology (since 1993): (i) Philosophy of Science of Technology, (ii) Philosophy of Science of Biology and Biotechnology, and (iii) Philosophy of Science of the Humanities. (2) Uwe Scheffler, Interim Professor of Philosophy of Science and Logic (also PD, since 2010): (i) Causality, (ii) Time, and (iii) Philosophy of Mathematics. Department of Philosophy, University of Duisburg-Essen 26 Past (1) Volker Peckhaus, Interim Professor of Philosophy (2000–2001). (2) Geo Siegwart, Research Assistant (1986–1995) and Lecturer (1995–1997). (3) Barbara Vetter, Research Associate (Postdoc, 2010). Department of Philosophy, University of Düsseldorf DR AF T Present (1) Manuel Bremer, Lecturer (PD, since 2001) and Apl. Professor (since 2009): (i) Conceptual Foundations of Cognitive Science and (ii) Criteria of Coherence. (2) Alexander Christian, Research Associate (Predoc, since 2012): (i) General Philosophy of Science, (ii) Research Ethics, and (iii) Science Ethics. (3) Alexander Gebharter, Predoc (since 2010): (i) Causality, (ii) Mechanisms, and (iii) Explanation. (4) Gerhard Schurz, C4 Professor and Chair of Theoretical Philosophy (since 2002), Apl. Professor at the Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Cultural and Social Sciences, University of Salzburg (1993–1999): (i) Lawlikeness, Causality, and Explanation, (ii) Reasoning under Uncertainty, Meta-Induction, and Probability, and (iii) Abduction, Confirmation, Theoreticity, Theory of Evolution, and Value Neutrality. (5) Paul Thorn, Postdoc (since 2009): (i) the Problem of Induction, (ii) Direct Inference, and (iii) Probability Updating. (6) Matthias Unterhuber, Research Associate and Predoc (2008–2011), Postdoc (since 2011), Predoc at the Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Cultural and Social Sciences, University of Salzburg (2007–2010): (i) Logic and Philosophy of Conditionals, (ii) Belief Revision, Bayesianism, and Human Reasoning, and (iii) Causation and Laws of Nature. (7) Ioannis Votsis, Postdoc (since 2006), Teaching Fellow at the Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol (Postdoc, 2004–2006), Visiting Fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh (2010): (i) Scientific and Structural Realism, (ii) Confirmation Theory, and (iii) Theories of Reference. Past (1) Eckhart Arnold, Predoc (2004–2007). (2) Lutz Geldsetzer, Professor and Head of the Research Department of Philosophy of Science (1971–2002, Emeritus since 2002): (i) Philosophical Foundations of Classical and Mathematical Logic, (ii) Hermeneutics, and (iii) History of Philosophy of Science. (3) Ludwig Fahrbach, Research Associate (Postdoc, 2007-2012): (i) the Realism Debate, (ii) Bayesianism, and (iii) Explanation. (4) Markus Schrenk, Interim Professor (Chair of Theoretical Philosophy; 2011–2012). (5) Markus Werning, Research Associate (Predoc, 2002–2005) and Postdoc (2005–2009). Faculty of Business Administration, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt Past (1) Karl Homann, Professor of Ethics of Economics and Business Ethics (1990–1999). (2) Andreas Suchanek, Research Assistant (Predoc, Postdoc, and PD) and Interim Professor and Chair of Economic and Business Ethics (1990–2004). Department of Philosophy, University of Erfurt Present Carsten Held, C3 Professor of Philosophy of Science (since 2004): (i) Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics and (ii) the Realism Debate. Past (1) Gerhard Schurz, C3 Professor (2000–2001). (2) Markus Werning, Predoc (2000–2002). Department of Philosophy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Present Gerhard Ernst, W3 Professor of Philosophy (since 2012): (i) General Philosophy of Science (the Problem of Induction) and (ii) Philosophy of Physics (esp. Thermodynamics/Statistical Physics). 27 Past (1) Volker Peckhaus, Research Associate, Research Assistant, Senior Assistant, and Apl. Professor of Philosophy (1985–2002) and Interim Professor of History and Philosophy of Science (2000). (2) Christian Thiel, C4 Professor of Philosophy (1982–2005, Emeritus since 2005): (i) Philosophy of the Formal Sciences, (ii) Formal Logic, and (iii) Philosophy of Mathematics. Department of History, Goethe University Frankfurt (Main) Present Moritz Epple, C4 Professor of History of Science (since 2003): Philosophy of Mathematics. AF T Department of Philosophy, Goethe University Frankfurt (Main) Past (1) Elke Brendel, C1 Research Assistant (Postdoc, 1992–1994). (2) Wilhelm K. Essler, C4 Professor (1979–2005, Emeritus since 2005), Visiting Professor at the Department of Philosophy, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüze (2009) and at the University of Wuhan, China (2012): (i) Preconditions of Empirical Knowledge Inquired and Evaluated by Means of Mathematical Logic, (ii) Explication of “Location” and “Momentum” from the Perspective of Logical Operationalism, and (iii) Modern Scientific Thinking by Ancient Philosophers, Based on the Example of Anaxagoras. Department of Polytechnic and Business and Employment Studies, Goethe University Frankfurt (Main) Past Günter Ropohl, Professor of General Technology (1979–2004, Emeritus since 2004): (i) Technological Sciences and (ii) Systems Theory. Institute for Social and Political Analysis, Goethe University Frankfurt (Main) Past Nicole C. Karafyllis, Postdoc (1998–2008). DR Faculty of Social and Cultural Sciences, Viadrina European University, Frankfurt (Oder) Present Dariusz Aleksandrowicz, C4 Professor of Philosophical Foundations of Cultural Studies Analysis (since 1993): (i) Philosophy of the Social Sciences, (ii) Evolutionary Epistemology, and (iii) Theories of Truth. Department of Philosophy, University of Freiburg Past (1) Cord Friebe, Research Associate (Predoc and Postdoc, 1997–2001). (2) Michael Heidelberger, C2 Lecturer for Logic and Semantics of the Sciences (with habilitation, 1990–1995). (3) Carsten Held, C1 Research Assistant (Postdoc and PD, 1996–2003). (4) Thomas Müller, Lecturer (Predoc, 1999–2001). Department of Philosophy, University of Gießen Present (1) Ulrich Frey, Postdoc (since 2008): (i) Cognition, (ii) Errors, and (iii) Evolution. (2) Hannes Rusch, Research Associate (Predoc, since 2010): Philosophical Naturalism (as Fundamental Metaphysics for Scientists). Past Reiner Hedrich, Research Associate, PD, Lecturer, and Interim Professor (1990–2010), Lecturer at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sevilla, Spain (1998) and at the Department of Philosophy, University of Genova, Italy (1999), and Visiting Fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh (2002): (i) 28 Theories of Quantum Gravity (esp. the Space-time Problem), (ii) the Physical Program of Unification, and (iii) Model Theory and Complexity (Deterministic Chaos, Cellular Automata, and Reductionims). Institute for Didactics of Physics, University of Gießen Past Reiner Hedrich, Research Associate (1990–1993). Faculty of Economics and Business Studies, University of Gießen AF T Present Hannes Rusch, Research Associate (Predoc, since 2012). Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Göttingen Past Gerhard Müller-Strahl, Research Assistant (Postdoc, 1992–1995). Department of History of Science, University of Göttingen Past Friedrich Steinle, Postdoc (1990–1998). Department of Philosophy, University of Göttingen Past (1) Olaf Müller, Assistant and Senior Assistant (Postdoc and PD, 1998–2003). (2) Tilman Sauer, Postdoc (1997–1999), Lecturer at the University of Bern (Postdoc, 1999–2001), Senior Research Associate at the California Institute of Technology (since 2001), PD at the University of Bern (since 2010): (i) History of the Sciences and (ii) Philosophy of Physics. Department of Philosophy, University of Greifswald Present Geo Siegwart, C4 Professor and Chair of Theoretical Philosophy (since 1995): (i) Concept Formation and (ii) Definition by Abstraction. Department of Philosophy, Fernuniversität Hagen DR Past (1) Kurt Röttgers, Professor of Philosophy with a Focus on Practical Philosophy (1984–2009, Retired since 2009): (i) Theories of History and (ii) Theories of Economics. (2) Tobias Schöttler, Predoc (2008–2010). Max Planck Institute for Metereology, Hamburg Past Gabriele Gramelsberger, Research Fellow (Postdoc, 2008). Department of Philosophy, University of Hamburg Present Ulrich Gähde, C4 Professor of Philosophy (since 1999): (i) the Logical Structure and Dynamics of Empirical Theories (esp. Physical Theories), (ii) Comparison of the Structure of Normative and Descriptive (Empirical) Theories, and (iii) Thought Experiments. Past (1) Werner Diederich, C3 Professor (1992–2006, Emeritus since 2006), Visiting Professor at the Department of Philosophy, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras (1997): (i) History of Science, (ii) Structures of Marxian Theory, and (iii) Comparison of Different Semantical Approaches. (2) Timm Lampert, Research Associate (Predoc, 1996–1999). (4) Ulrich Krohs, Lecturer (Postdoc, 1994–2003). (5) Nicola Mößner, Research Associate (Predoc, 2003–2005). (6) Mark Siebel, Research Associate (Predoc: 1993–1998; Postdoc: 2004–2007). 29 Center for Philosophy and Ethics of Science, University of Hannover Past (1) Helmut Heit, Predoc and Postdoc (1999–2005). (2) Paul HoyningenHuene, C4 Professor of Ethics in the Sciences (1997–2010). (3) Simon Lohse, Research Associate (Predoc, 2009–2010). (4) Thomas A. C. Reydon, Research Associate (Postdoc, 2004–2009). (5) Marcel Weber, C1/C2 Research Assistant (Postdoc, 1997–2004). Department of German Studies, University of Hannover Past Stephan Kornmesser, Research Associate (Predoc and Postdoc, since 2012). AF T Institute of Philosophy, University of Hannover Present (1) Paul Hoyningen-Huene, C4 Professor of Theoretical Philosophy with a Focus on General Philosophy of Science (since 2010): (i) the Nature of Science, (ii) Scientific Realism, and (iii) Development of Science and Incommensurability. (2) Simon Lohse, Research Associate (Predoc, since 2010): (i) Philosophy of the Social Sciences and (ii) General Philosophy of Science. (3) Thomas A. C. Reydon, Junior Professor of Philosophy of Biology (since 2009): Philosophy of Biology. (4) Torsten Wilholt, W2 Professor of Philosophy and History of the Natural Sciences (since 2011): (i) Philosophy of Applied Science, (ii) Political Philosophy of Science, and (iii) Philosophy of Mathematics. Past (1) Herbert Breger, Apl. Professor of History and Philosophy of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences (1992–2012, Retired since 2012): Philosophy of Mathematics. (2) Meinard Kuhlmann, Interim Professor of Philosophy and History of the Natural Sciences (2010). DR Department of Philosophy, Heidelberg University Past (1) Martin Carrier, C4 Professor (1994–1998). (2) Daniela Bailer-Jones,10 PD and Emmy Noether Programme Director (2005–2006, † 2006), Fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh (Postdoc, 2001–2003): (i) Scientific Models, (ii) Causality and Mechanisms, (iii) the Arrow of Time, and (iv) Philosophy of Cognition. (3) Brigitte Falkenburg, Research Associate (Postdoc and PD, 1987–1993) and Heisenberg Scholar (1993–1997). (4) Andreas Hüttemann, Research Associate (Predoc and Postdoc, 1994–1998). Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University Past Simon Friederich, Predoc (2008–2010). Protestant Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Heidelberg Past Ulrich Krohs, Research Associate (with habilitation, 2009). University of Applied Sciences and Art at Hildesheim, Holzminden, and Göttingen Past Reiner Hedrich, Lecturer (2002–2005). Department of Philosophy, Jena University Present (1) Wolfgang Kienzler, Assistant and Senior Assistant (Postdoc and PD, since 1995) and Interim Professor of Philosophy with a Focus on Logic and Philosophy 10 Jochen Apel provided Daniela Bailer-Jones’ (†) list of positions and research foci. 30 of Science (since 2009): (i) Philosophy of Mathematics, (ii) Philosophy of Logic, and (iii) Philosophy of Physics. (2) Meinard Kuhlmann, Interim Professor of Philosophy of Science (since 2012). Past Gottfried Gabriel, C4 Professor of Philosophy with a Focus on Logic and Philosophy of Science (1995–2009, Emeritus since 2009): (i) General Philosophy of Science, (ii) Philosophy of Science of Mathematics, and (iii) Philosophy of Science of the Humanities and the Natural Sciences. Department of Philosophy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology AF T Present (1) Gregor Betz, Junior Professor of Philosophy of Science (since 2010): (i) Philosophy of Climate Science and Economy, (ii) Science and Democracy, and (iii) Scientific Controversies. (2) Armin Grunwald, Professor of Philosophy of Technology (since 2007) and Director of the Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (since 1999): (i) Theory of Philosophy of Technology and (ii) Philosophy of Science Aspects of Sustainable Development Research. (3) Mathias Gutmann, Professor of Philosophy of Technology (since 2008): (i) Theory of the Life Sciences, (ii) General Philosophy of Science, and (iii) Life Hermeneutics. (4) Anna Leuschner, Postdoc (since 2012): (i) Social Epistemology, (ii) Science Ethics, and (iii) History of Philosophy of Science. Department of Educational Science, University of Kassel Past Eve-Marie Engels, C3 Professor of Theoretical Philosophy (1993–1996). Department of Philosophy, University of Kassel Present Kristian Köchy, C3 Professor of Theoretical Philosophy (since 2003): (i) Philosophy of the Life Sciences, (ii) Science in Context, and (iii) Applied Ethics of the Natural Sciences. Department of Philosophy, University of Kiel DR Present Christine Blättler, W2 Professor of Philosophy of Science (since 2011), Postdoc at the Institute for Human Sciences, Vienna (2009–2011): (i) the Relation of Genesis and Validity, (ii) Entities and Technology as Philosophical Problems, and (iii) Experiments. Department of Cultural Sciences, University of Koblenz and Landau Present Rudolf Lüthe, C3 Professor of Philosophy (since 1996), Visiting Professor at the Department of Philosophy, State University of New York at Buffalo (2001) and the Emory University at Atlanta (2011): (i) Philosophy of the Humanities, (ii) Philosophy of Historical Experience, and (iii) Philosophy of Cultural Studies. Past Ruth Hagengruber, Research Associate (Postdoc and PD, 1996–1999). Center for Junior Research Fellows, University of Konstanz Past Claus Beisbart, Postdoc (2004–2005). Department of Philosophy, University of Konstanz Present Wolfgang Spohn, Professor of Philosophy and Philosophy of Science (since 1996): (i) Formal Epistemology and Inductive Reasoning, (ii) Causality, and (iii) Strict Laws and Ceteris Paribus Laws. 31 AF T Past (1) Michael Baumgartner, Research Associate (Postdoc, 2009–2012). (2) Peter Brössel, Research Associate (Predoc, 2008–2011). (3) Martin Carrier, Research Associate and Akademischer Rat (Postdoc and PD, 1984–1994). (4) Lorenzo Casini, Research Fellow (Postdoc, 2012). (5) Stephan Hartmann, Research Assistant (Postdoc, 1998–2003) and Head of the Working Group “Philosophy, Probability and Modeling” (with Luc Bovens, 2002–2005). (6) Paul Hoyningen-Huene, C3 Professor of Theoretical Foundations and History of the Sciences with a Focus on the Exact Sciences (1990– 1997). (7) Franz Huber, Emmy Noether Program Director (Postdoc, since 2008), Postdoctoral Lecturer at the California Institute of Technology (2005–2007) and Visiting Researcher at the Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of California, Irvine (2007), Assistant Professor at the Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto (since 2013): Confirmation and Induction. (8) Jürgen Mittelstraß, Professor of Philosophy and Philosophy of Science (1970–2008, Emeritus since 2008), Visiting Professor at the Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Cultural and Social Sciences, University of Salzburg (since 2009): (i) General Philosophy of Science, (ii) History of Science, and (iii) Encyclopedia “Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie” [Philosophy and Philosophy of Science]. (9) Jacob Rosenthal, Predoc (1998–2001). (10) Hans Rott, Research Assistant (Postdoc, 1990–1997). (11) Marcel Weber, W3 Professor of Theoretical Philosophy (2009–2011), Postdoc at the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (1996–1997), Swiss National Science Foundation Professor at the Department of Philosophy, University of Basel (2004– 2009), Professor of Philosophy of Science at the Department of Philosophy, University of Geneva (since 2011): (i) Philosophy of Biology, (ii) Epistemology of Experiments, and (iii) Social Epistemology. (12) Gereon Wolters, C3 Professor of Philosophy and History of the Sciences with a Focus on the Life Scienes (1988–2009, Emeritus since 2009): (i) Mach and the Theory of Relativity, (ii) Philosophy of Biology, and (iii) Science and Religion. Carl-Ludwig Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig DR Past Gerhard Müller-Strahl, Research Assistant (Postdoc, 1996–1999). Department of Philosophy, Leipzig University Present (1) Thomas Bartelborth, Professor of Philosophy of Science (since 1994): (i) Inductive Reasoning, (ii) Scientific Explanation, and (iii) the Structure of Scientific Theories. (2) Pirmin Stekeler-Weithofer, Professor and Chair of Theoretical Philosophy (since 1992), Fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh (1990–1992): (i) Philosophy of Mathematics, (ii) Philosophy of Linguistics, and (iii) Philosophy of Space-Time. Past (1) Oliver R. Scholz, Reseach Associate (with habilitation, 1998–2001). (2) Mark Siebel, Research Associate (Postdoc, 1998–2004). Leipzig Graduate School of Management Present Andreas Suchanek, W3 Professor and Werner Jackstädt Chair of Ethics of Economics and Business Ethics (since 2004): (i) Homo Oeconomicus and (ii) the Problem of Theoretical Integration. Department of History of Medicine and Science Studies, University of Lübeck Past Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, Lecturer (with habilitation, 1990–1994). 32 Department of Philosophy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg Present Holger Lyre, W3 Professor and Chair of Theoretical Philosophy and Philosophy of Mind (since 2009): (i) Structural Realism, (ii) Foundations of Gauge Theories, and (iii) Reductionism and Multiple Realizability. Institute of Mathematics, University of Mainz Past Moritz Epple, Research Assistant and Lecturer (Postdoc, 1992–1998). Institute of Philosophy, University of Mainz AF T Present (1) Ralf Busse, W2 Professor of Philosophy of Science (since 2011): (i) Fundamental Physical Properties (and Metaphysics), (ii) Laws of Nature, and (iii) Physical Quantities. (2) Roland Pöllinger, Lecturer (Postdoc, since 2012): For research foci see Faculty of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science and the Study of Religion, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich. Past (1) Elke Brendel, C3 Professor (2000–2009). (2) Peter Brössel, Research Associate (Predoc and Postdoc, 2011–2012). Department of Philosophy, University of Marburg Past (1) Peter Janich, C4 Professor and Chair of Theoretical Philosophy (1980– 2007, Retired since 2007): (i) Neuroscience, (ii) Computer Science and Information Science, and (iii) Natural Sciences (Biology, Chemistry, and Physics). (2) Mathias Gutmann, Assistant and Junior Professor of Philosophy of Technology (1999–2008). (3) Oliver R. Scholz, C1 Research Assistant (Postdoc, 1990–1993). (4) Geo Siegwart, Interim Professor (1994). (5) Thomas Sturm, Research Asssociate (Predoc, 1995–2000). Institute of Medical Informatics and Systems Research, Munich Past Peter Hucklenbroich, PD and Project Head (1991–1993). DR Department of Biochemistry/Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Past (1) Bernhard Irrgang, Lecturer (Postdoc, 1988–1993). Department of History, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Present (1) Christian Joas, Research Associate (Postdoc, since 2012): History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. (2) Kärin Nickelsen, W3 Professor of History of the Sciences (since 2011), Assistant (Postdoc, 2002–2006) and Assistant Professor of Philosophy and History of Science (2006–2011) at the Department of Philosophy, University of Bern: (i) Methodology of Experimental Research, (ii) Causal Models of Explanation and their Construction, and (iii) Non-Textual Methods of Representation in the Sciences. Faculty of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science and the Study of Religion, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Present (1) Holger Andreas, Assistant (Postdoc and PD, since 2009), Visiting Scholar at the Department of Philosophy, Stanford University (2007): (i) Theoretical Terms, (ii) Scientific Structuralism, and (iii) Dynamics of Scientific Theories. (2) Lorenzo Casini, Postdoc (since 2013): (i) Causality, (ii) Complex Systems, and (iii) Induction. (3) Paul Dicken, Postdoc (since 2011), Junior Research Fellow at the Churchill 33 DR AF T College, University of Cambridge (2007–2011): (i) Constructive Empiricism, (ii) Scientific Realism, and (iii) Logical Empiricism. (4) Mathias Frisch, Senior Visiting Fellow (since 2011), Assistant Professor at the Department of Philosophy, Northwestern University (1998–2003), Assistant Professor (2003–2006) and Associate Professor (since 2006) at the Department of Philosophy, University of Maryland, College Park: (i) Philosophy of Physics and (ii) General Philosophy of Science. (5) Stephan Hartmann, Alexander von Humboldt Professor and Chair of Philosophy of Science (since 2012), Lecturer (2003–2005), Director of the Center for Philosophy of Natural and Social Sciences (2004–2006), Reader (2005–2006) and Professor (2006–2007) at the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics, Professor at the Tilburg Center for Logic and Philosophy of Science (TiLPS), Tilburg University, Netherlands (2007–2012): (i) Bayesian Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, (ii) General Philosophy of Science, and (iii) Philosophy of the Natural and the Social Sciences. (6) Jeffrey Ketland, Assistant Professor (since 2011), Temporary Lecturer at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cambridge (2003–2004), Senior Lecturer at the Department of Philosophy, University of Edinburgh (2004–2011), Tutorial Fellow at Pembroke College, University of Oxford (since 2012): Structure of Theories. (7) Hannes Leitgeb, Alexander von Humboldt Professor, Chair of Logic and Philosophy of Language (since 2010), Assistant at the Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Cultural and Social Sciences, University of Salzburg (Postdoc, 2001–2005), Reader (2005–2007) and Professor at the Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol (2007–2010): (i) Foundations of Probability Theory, Inductive and Non-Monotonical Reasoning and Belief Revision, (ii) Empirical Content, and (iii) Philosophy of Mathematics. (8) Thomas Meier, Predoc (since 2011): (i) Structural Realism, (ii) Scientific Realism, and (iii) Philosophy of Linguistics. (9) Roland Pöllinger, Research Associate (Predoc, 2007–2012), Research Fellow (Postdoc, since 2012), Visiting Research Scholar at the Center for Formal Epistemology, CMU Pittsburgh (2011): (i) Causal Modelling and Metaphysics of Causation, (ii) Algorithmic Aspects of Classical and Philosophical Logic, and (iii) Cognitive and Computational Foundations of (Scientific) Modelling. Past (1) Wolfgang Balzer, C3 Professor (1984–2001, Emeritus since 2001): (i) General Philosophy of Science, (ii) Simulation of Social Systems, and (iii) Social Institutions. (2) Vincenzo Crupi, Postdoc (2010–2011), Postdoc at the Department of Cognitive Science and Education, University of Trento (2003–2007), Postdoc at the Department of Arts and Design, University IUAV of Turin (2007–2009), Postdoc at the Department of Critical Care, University of Florence (2009–2010), Lecturer for Logic and Philosophy of Science at the Department of Philosophy and Education, University of Turin (since 2011): (i) Confirmation Theory, (ii) Judgement and Decision Making, and (iii) Epistemology of Medicine. (3) Gerhard Ernst, Assistant and Senior Assistant (Postdoc and PD, 2001–2008). (4) Karl Homann, Professor of Philosophy and Economics (1999–2008, Emeritus since 2008): Theory Formation in Business Ethics and Economics. (5) Andreas Hüttemann, C3 Interim Professor (2002). (6) Christoph Lütge, Research Assistant (Postdoc and PD, 1999–2007). (7) Carlos-Ulises Moulines, C4 Professor and Chair of Philosophy, Logic, and Philosophy of Science (1993–2012, Emeritus since 2012): (i) Scientific Structuralism, (ii) the Historical Development of Modern Philosophy of Science, and (iii) Ontological Aspects of the Natural Sciences. (8) Olaf Müller, Interim Professor (2002–2003). (9) Karl-Georg Niebergall, Assistant and Senior Assistant (Postdoc and PD, 1998–2008). (10) Richard Schantz, Interim Professor of Analytic Philosophy (1998–1999). Faculty of Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich 34 Past Claus Beisbart, Postdoc (2002–2004). Munich School of Philosophy Past (1) Winfried Löffler, Lecturer (Postdoc and PD, 2002–2008), Study Assistant, Academic Assistant, Assistant Professor and Apl. Professor at the Department of Christian Philosophy, University of Innsbruck (since 1988), Lecturer at the University of Notre Dame (2003–2009): (i) Religious Explanations and Other Forms of Explanation, Naturalism, (ii) Confirmation Theory, and (iii) Interdisciplinarity and Science Communication. (2) Gerhard Vollmer, Visiting Professor (2009–2013). AF T Carl von Linde Academy, Technical University Munich Present (1) Tobias Jung, Academic Associate (Postdoc, since 2011): (i) Philosophy of Cosmology, (ii) Philosophy of Newtonian Physics, and (iii) the Relevance of Kant’s Philosophy for Physics. (2) Klaus Mainzer, W3 Professor and Chair of Philosophy and Philosophy of Science (since 2008): (i) Complex Systems in Nature, Technology, Economy, and Society, (ii) Artificial Intelligence, Foundations of Robotics and Philosophy of Cognition, and (iii) Mathematical Models in the Natural, Technological and Social Sciences. (3) Wolfgang Pietsch, Research Associate (Postdoc, since 2008): (i) the Scientific Method, (ii) Probability, Induction, and Causality, and (iii) Philosophy of Physics. Munich Center for Technology in Society, Technical University Munich Present (1) Christoph Lütge, W3 Professor and Peter Löscher Endowed Chair of Business Ethics (since 2010): (i) Economical Philosophy of Science, (ii) Philosophy of Science of Economics, and (iii) Naturalistic Philosophy of Science. (2) Hannes Rusch, Research Associate (Predoc, since 2011). Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Münster DR Present (1) Eva-Maria Jung, Director (since 2010). (2) Markus Seidel, Lecturer (Postdoc, since 2012) and Research Associate (Predoc, 2008–2011). Past (1) Marie I. Kaiser, Research Associate (Predoc, 2008–2009). (2) Nicola Mößner, Research Associate (Predoc and Postdoc, 2007–2010). Department of Ethics, History and Philosophy of Medicine, University of Münster Present (1) Peter Hucklenbroich, C3 Professor of Theory and History of Medicine (since 1994): (i) The Notion of Disease in Medicine, (ii) Medical Expert Systems, and (iii) the Notion of Organism and Psychosomatic Medicine. (2) Gerhard MüllerStrahl, Research Associate (with habilitation, since 2010): (i) Theory Change in the Life Sciences, (ii) Causation and Explanation in Physiology and Medicine, and (iii) Neo-Kantianism. Past Urban Wiesing, Assistant (Postdoc and PD, 1988–1998). Department of Philosophy, University of Münster Present (1) Eva-Maria Jung, Research Associate (Postdoc, since 2010): (i) Types of Knowledge (esp. Implicit and Practical Knowledge and Michael Polanyi) and (ii) Social Epistemology and Philosophy of Science. (2) Ulrich Krohs, W2 Professor of Philosophy with a Focus on Philosophy of Science and Natural Philosophy (since 2012), 35 AF T Senior Research Fellow at the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognitive Research, Altenberg, Austria (with habilitation, 2004–2007), Lecturer at the Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna (2005–2006), Visiting Fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh (2008–2009), Visiting Professor of Philosophy and History of Science at the Department of Philosophy, University of Bern (2011–2012): (i) Philosophy of Biology, (ii) the Concept of Function, and (iii) Models and Simulations. (3) Oliver R. Scholz, C4 Professor and Chair of Philosophy with a Focus on Theoretical Philosophy (since 2001): (i) Philosophy of the Interpretative Sciences and Methodology of Interpretations, (ii) Scientific Explanation and Understanding, and (iii) Explanations and Laws in the Historical and Social Sciences. Past (1) Joachim Bromand, W2/W3 Interim Professor of Philosophy of Science and Natural Philosophy/Logic and Philosophy of Language (2010–2011). (2) Andreas Hüttemann, C3/W2 Professor of Philosophy of Science and Natural Philosophy (2004–2010). (3) Marie I. Kaiser, Research Associate (Predoc, 2007–2010). (4) Nicola Mößner, Research Associate (Predoc, 2006–2009). Institute of Philosophy, University of Oldenburg Present (1) Stephan Kornmesser, Research Associate (Predoc and Postdoc, since 2010): (i) Scientific Structuralism, (ii) Coexistence of Rivaling Paradigms, and (iii) Logical Empiricism. (2) Michael Schippers, Research Associate (Predoc, since 2011): Measures of Probabilistic Coherence and Confirmation. (3) Mark Siebel, W3 Professor of Theoretical Philosophy with a Focus on Systematic Philosophy (since 2007): Probabilistic Approaches (Formal Epistemology). Past Wilhelm Büttemeyer, Research Associate, Apl. Professor, and Interim Professor (1988–2005, Retired since 2005): (i) General Philosophy of Science, (ii) Philosophy of Mathematics, and (iii) Philosophy of Science Aspects of Psychology. Department of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück DR Present (1) Michael Baumgartner, Junior Professor of Philosophy of Science and Metaphysics (since 2012), Lecturer at the Department of Philosophy, University of Bern (Postdoc, 2005–2009): (i) Philosophy of Science, (ii) Philosophy of Logic, and (iii) Epistemology. Past Bertold Schweitzer, Postdoc (2000–2006) and PD (since 2006): (i) Methodology of the Natural and the Social Sciences (esp. the Life Sciences), (ii) The Role of Errors and Malfunctions in Epistemological Processes, and (iii) Mechanisms and Explanation. Department of Philosophy, University of Paderborn Present (1) Elena Ficara, Lecturer (2011–2012), Junior Professor of Philosophy and Education (since 2012): (i) Metaphilosophy, (ii) Metaphysics, and (iii) History and Philosophy of Logic. (2) Ruth Hagengruber, W3 Professor of Practical Philosophy (since 2005): (i) Philosophy and Computing, (ii) Economical Philosophy of Science, and (iii) Women Philosophers and Feminist Philosophy. (3) Volker Peckhaus, Interim Professor of Philosophy of Science and Technology (2001–2002), Professor of Philosophy of Science and Technology (since 2002): (i) History and Philosophy of Formal Systems, (ii) History of Philosophy of Science, and (iii) General Methodology. Past Daniela Bailer-Jones,11 Research Associate (Postdoc, 1998–2000). 11 Jochen Apel kindly provided Daniela Bailer-Jones’ (†) list of positions and research foci. 36 Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn Past Andreas Bartels, C4 Professor of Philosophy of Science and Technology (1997–2000). Department of Philosophy, University of Potsdam Past Christine Blättler, Postdoc and Lecturer (2008–2009). Department of Philosophy, University of Regensburg AF T Present Hans Rott, Professor and Chair of Theoretical Philosophy (since 1999), Professor and Chair of Logic and Cognitive Science at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam (1997–1999): (i) Theory Change, (ii) Explanation, and (iii) Theoretical Terms (Change of Meaning). Past (1) Ralf Busse, Assistant and Senior Assistant (Postdoc and PD, 2004–2011). (2) Franz von Kutschera, Professor (1968–1998, Emeritus since 1998): (i) Causality, (ii) Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics, and (iii) Scientific Realism. (3) Uwe Meixner, Research Assistant, Senior Assistant, PD, and Research Associate (with habilitation, 1992–2004 and 2008–2010). Department of Philosophy, University of Rostock Present Ludger Jansen, Research Associate (Postdoc and PD, since 2006): (i) Biomedical Ontology and (ii) Philosophy of Science of History and the Social Sciences. Past Wilhelm Büttemeyer, Interim Professor of Theoretical Philosophy (1993– 1995). Department of Philosophy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken DR Present Cord Friebe, Interim W2 Professor of Analytic Philosophy (since 2011): (i) Time and Space-Time, (ii) the Ontology of Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory, and (iii) General Philosophy of Science, the Ignorabimus Debate, and Kuhn. Past Uwe Meixner, Academic Associate (with habilitation, 2004–2008). Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken Past Ludger Jansen, Postdoc (2005-2006). Department of Philosophy, University of Siegen Present (1) Richard Schantz, Professor of Philosophy of Analytic Philosophy and Language (since 1999): (i) Scientific Realism, (ii) Explanation, and (iii) Induction and Confirmation. (2) Markus Seidel, Research Associate (Predoc, since 2009): (i) Relativism and Constructivism in Philosophy of Science, (ii) The Relationship of Philosophy of Science and Sociology of Science, and (iii) Thomas Kuhn. Department of Systematic Theology, University of Siegen Past Bernhard Irrgang, Assistant (Postdoc, 1992–1993). Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering IAO, Stuttgart 37 Past Klaus Kornwachs, Division Manager (Systems Theory, Ergonomics, and Engineering Results Assessment) (1979–1992). Institute of History, University of Stuttgart Past Moritz Epple, Professor of History and Philosophy of History of Natural Sciences and Technology (2001–2003). Institute of Philosophy, University of Stuttgart AF T Present Ulrike Pompe, Junior Professor of Philosophy of Simulation (since 2011): (i) Simulation Technology and (ii) Psychology and Neuroscience. Past (1) Eckhart Arnold, Postdoc (2009–2012). (2) Gregor Betz, Junior Professor of Philosophy of Simulation (2008–2010). (3) Gerhard Ernst, W3 Professor of History of Philosophy and Practical Philosophy (2008–2012). (3) Klaus Kornwachs, PD (1983– 1992). Department of Philosophy, Trier University Present Klaus Fischer, Professor (since 1992): (i) Cognitive Aspects, (ii) the Social Structure of Philosophy of Science, and (iii) Science Ethics and Interdisciplinarity. Department of Biology, University of Tübingen Present Eve-Marie Engels, C4 Professor and Chair of Ethics in the Life Sciences (since 1996): (i) Philosophy of Science and History of Biology, (ii) the Response to the Darwinian Evolutionary Theory, and (iii) General Philosophy of Science. Department of Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Tübingen Present Urban Wiesing, C4 Professor of Ethics in Medicine (since 1998): (i) Epistemology of Medicine and (ii) Pragmatism and Plurality in Medicine. DR Department of Philosophy, University of Tübingen Present Michael Heidelberger, C4 Professor of Logic and Philosophy of the Natural Sciences (since 2002): (i) History of Philosophy of Science, (ii) Causality and Probability, and (iii) Philosophy of Physics and Psychology. Past (1) Eva-Maria Jung, Research Associate (Predoc, 2005–2006). (2) Gregor Schiemann, Research Associate (Postdoc and PD, 2001–2004). Humboldt Study Center, Ulm University Present Klaus Kornwachs, Honorary Professor (since 1986): For research foci see Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Computer Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus. The Liszt School of Music, Weimar Present Ulrich Charpa, Lecturer (since 2010), Research Fellow (2003–2004) and Research Professor of German-Jewish History at the Leo Baeck Institute, Queen Mary College, University of London (since 2004), Reader at the Center for Intellectual History, University of Sussex (2004–2007): (i) History of Philosophy of Science, (ii) Science and Judaism, and (iii) History and Philosophy of Biology. Faculty of Mangement and Economics, Witten/Herdecke University 38 Past Christoph Lütge, Interim Professor (Reinhard Mohn Endowed Chair of Business Management, Business Ethics, and Societal Change, 2007–2008). Department of History, University of Wuppertal Past Ulrich Charpa, Interim Professor of Modern History (2003). (2) Friedrich Steinle, Professor of History of Science (2004–2009). Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal AF T Present (1) Simon Friederich, Postdoc (since 2011): (i) Philosophy of Physics, (ii) Philosophy of Mathematics, and (iii) General Philosophy of Science. Department of Philosophy, University of Wuppertal (1) Dennis Lehmkuhl, Postdoc (2009–2012), Junior Professor of Philosophy with a Focus on Philosophy of Physics (since 2012), College Lecturer (Predoc) at the Institute of Philosophy, University of Oxford (2008–2009): (i) Philosophy of Physics, (ii) History of Physics, and (iii) Analytic Metaphysics. (2) Gregor Schiemann, C3 Professor of Philosophy with a Focus on Theory and History of the Sciences (since 2004), Fellow at the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology, MIT (1999–2000): (i) History of Philosophy of Physics, (ii) Philosophy of Physics, and (iii) General Philosophy of Science. DR Past (1) Bertold Schweitzer, Interim Professor of Philosophy with a Focus on Philosophy and History of the Sciences (2006–2007), Associate Professor at the School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo (2008–2011), Professor of Philosophy with a Focus on Methodology at the European Peace University, Austria (since 2012): (i) Methodology of the Natural (esp. Biology) and the Social Sciences, (ii) The Role of Errors and Malfunctions in Cognitive Processes, and (iii) Mechanisms of Explanation. (2) Michael Stöltzner, Research Associate (Postdoc, 2005–2008), Research Assistant at the Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Cultural and Social Sciences, University of Salzburg (Predoc, 1999–2002), Research Associate at the Institute Vienna Circle, Vienna (Predoc, 1995–2002) and Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy, University of South Carolina (since 2008): (i) Philosophy of Physics and Applied Mathematics, (ii) History of Philosophy of Science (esp. Logical Empiricism), and (iii) Models and Causality. 5 Philosophers’ Finest This section focuses on German PoS’ finest, that is their most important publications in philosophy of science, as elicited by the survey. In fact, all survey participants were required to select and rank their most important publications in philosophy of science according to their importance.12 The publications below are listed separately for each philosopher of science and appear as given by each survey participant. In addition, lower numbers indicate higher importance. We also marked those publications that were indicated by two PoS with an asterisk. 12 The only exception was Daniela Bailer-Jones (†). Jochen Apel provided a ranked list of Daniela Bailer-Jones’ most important publications in philosophy of science. 39 AF T Due to the nature of our survey, the list of publications below has to be qualified. Firstly, the survey only asked for publications in philosophy of science. In addition, we did not require survey participants to have philosophy of science as their main research focus, but only as one of their research foci. As a consequence, the list below does not cover excellent publications in other areas than philosophy of science. Secondly, each philosopher of science was allowed to indicate maximally five publications. Moreover, some PoS in Germany did not participate in the survey. For these reasons, the list below also leaves out first-class publications in philosophy of science. However, given the large number of participants (see Sect. 3.1), the list of publications still seems to give a rough impression of the most important publications by PoS in Germany as a whole. Aleksandrowicz, Dariusz 1. Aleksandrowicz, D. (2011). Kultur statt Wissenschaft? Gegen eine kulturalistisch reformierte Epistemologie. Berlin: Frank & Timme. 2. Aleksandrowicz, D. (2007b). Nationalkultur im sozialwissenschaftlichen Kontext (Teil II). Divinatio: Studia Culturologica Series, 26, 89–142. 3. Aleksandrowicz, D. (2007a). Die kulturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisauffassung als Regress zum primitiven Denken. In D. Aleksandrowicz & K. Weber (Eds.), Kulturwissenschaften im Blickfeld der Standortbe-stimmung, Legitimierung und Selbstkritik (pp. 45–88). Berlin: Frank & Timme. 4. Aleksandrowicz, D. (2001). Der kritische Rationalismus und das Problem der Interdisziplinarität. In D. Aleksandrowicz & H. G. Ruß (Eds.), Realismus, Disziplin, Interdisziplinarität (pp. 131–152). Amsterdam: Rodopi. DR 5. Aleksandrowicz, D. (2012). Religion as a Cognitive System. Patterns of Explanation and Causality. In D. Aleksandrowicz (Ed.), Religion, Ethics and Public Education (pp. 113–130). Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang. Anacker, Michael 1. Anacker, M. (2012b). Unterbestimmtheit und pragmatische Aprioris. Vom Tribunal der Erfahrung zum wissenschaftlichen Prozess. Paderborn: Mentis. 2. Anacker, M. (2012a). Transforming Main Issues of Philosophy of Science Pragmatically. In S. Rohr & M. Strube (Eds.), Revisiting Pragmatism. William James in the New Millennium (pp. 217–227). Heidelberg: Winter. 3. Anacker, M. (2008). “The Conduct of Life” – Die Rolle der Lebenswelt für eine Erneuerung wissenschaftstheoretischen Fragens. In Lebenswelt und Wissenschaft. XXI. Deutscher Kongress für Philosophie. Retrieved from http://www.dgphil2008. de/dokumentation/sektionsvortraege.html. 4. Anacker, M. (2007). Das Erkenntnisproblem und der Wissensbegriff in der philosophischen Tradition. In R. Schützeichel (Ed.), Handbuch Wissenssoziologie und Wissensforschung (pp. 353–374). Konstanz: UVK. 5. Anacker, M. (2005). Interpretationale Erkenntnistheorie. Eine kritische Untersuchung im Ausgang von Quine und Davidson. Paderborn: Mentis. 40 Andreas, Holger 1. Andreas, H. (2013). Deductive Reasoning in the Structuralist Approach. Studia Logica, 101 (5), 1093–1113. 2. Andreas, H. (2011a). A Structuralist Theory of Belief Revision. Journal of Logic, Language, and Information, 20 (2), 205–232. 3. Andreas, H. (2011b). Semantic Challenges to Scientific Realism. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 42 (1), 17–31. 4. Andreas, H. (2010a). A Modal View of the Semantics of Theoretical Sentences. Synthese, 174 (3), 367–383. AF T 5. Andreas, H. (2010b). New Account of Empirical Claims in Structuralism. Synthese, 176 (3), 311–332. Arnold, Eckhart 1. Durán, J. & Arnold, E. (Eds.). (2013). Computer Simulations and the Changing Face of Scientific Experimentation. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2. Arnold, E. (2010). Can the Best-Alternative Justification Solve Hume’s Problem? On the Limits of a Promising Approach. Philosophy of Science, 77 (4), 584–593. 3. Arnold, E. (2008). Explaining Altruism. A Simulation-Based Approach and its Limits. Frankfurt a. M.: Ontos. 4. Kelsen, H. (2004). A New Science of Politics? Hans Kelsen’s Reply to Eric Voegelin’s “New Science of Politics” (E. Arnold, Ed.). Frankfurt a. M.: Ontos. 5. Arnold, E. (2007). Religiöses Bewusstsein und Politische Ordnung – Eine Kritik von Eric Voegelins Bewusstseinsphilosophie. Munich: Verlag für akademische Texte. Baedke, Jan DR 1. Baedke, J. (2012). Causal Explanation Beyond the Gene: Manipulation and Causality in Epigenetics. Theoria. An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science, 27 (2), 153–174. 2. Baedke, J. (2011). Eve-Marie Engels and Thomas F. Glick (Eds): The Reception of Charles Darwin in Europe. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 42 (2), 411–413. 41 Bailer-Jones, Daniela M.13 1. Bailer-Jones, D. M. (2009). Scientific Models in Philosophy of Science. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2. Bailer-Jones, D. (2003). When Scientific Models Represent. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 17 (1), 59–74. 3. Bailer-Jones, D. (2005). Mechanisms Past and Present. Philosophia Naturalis, 42 (1), 1–14. 4. Bailer-Jones, D. (2002). Scientists’ Thoughts on Scientific Models. Perspectives on Science, 10 (3), 275–301. AF T 5. Bailer-Jones, D. (2000). Modelling Extended Extragalactic Radio Sources. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 31 (1), 49–74. Balzer, Wolfgang 1. Balzer, W. (2009). Die Wissenschaft und ihre Methoden. Freiburg i. B.: Karl Alber. 2. Balzer, W. (2000). SMASS. A Sequential Multi-Agent System for Social Simulation. In R. Suleiman, K. G. Troitzsch, & G. N. Gilbert (Eds.), Tools and Techniques for Social Science Simulation (pp. 65–82). Heidelberg: Physica/Springer. 3. Balzer, W., Lauth, B., & Zoubek, G. (1993). A Model for Science Kinematics. Studia Logica, 52 (4), 519–548. 4. Balzer, W. (1996). A Theory of Binary Crises. In R. K. Huber & R. Avenhaus (Eds.), Models for Security Policy in the Post-Cold War Era (pp. 233–252). Baden Baden: Nomos. 5. Balzer, W. & Dawe, C. M. (1997). Models for Genetics. Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang. Bartelborth, Thomas DR 1. Bartelborth, T. (1996). Begründungsstrategien. Ein Weg durch die analytische Erkenntnistheorie. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 2. Bartelborth, T. (2007). Erklären. Berlin: De Gruyter. 3. Bartelborth, T. (2012). Die erkenntnistheoretischen Grundlagen induktiven Schließens. Retrieved from http://nbn- resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15- qucosa84565. 4. Bartelborth, T. (1993). Hierarchy versus Holism: A Structuralist View on General Relativity. Erkenntnis, 39 (3), 383–412. 5. Bartelborth, T. (2002). Explanatory Unification. Synthese, 130 (1), 91–208. 13 Jochen Apel kindly provided us the list of Daniela Bailer-Jones’ (†) most important papers in philosophy of science. 42 Bartels, Andreas 1.∗ Newen, A., Bartels, A., & Jung, E.-M. (Eds.). (2011). Knowledge and Representation. Stanford: CSLI Publications. 2. Bartels, A. & May, M. (2009). Functional Role Theories of Representation and Content Explanation. With a Case Study from Spatial Cognition. Cognitive Processing, 10 (1), 63–75. 3. Bartels, A. & Newen, A. (2007). Animal Minds and The Possession of Concepts. Philosophical Psychology, 20 (3), 283–308. AF T 4. Bartels, A. (2013). Why Metrical Properties are not Powers. Synthese, 190 (12), 2001–2013. 5. Bartels, A. (2005). Strukturale Repräsentation. Paderborn: Mentis. Baumgartner, Michael 1. Baumgartner, M. (2009). Uncovering Deterministic Causal Structures: A Boolean Approach. Synthese, 170 (1), 71–96. 2. Baumgartner, M. (2013). A Regularity Theoretic Approach to Actual Causation. Erkenntnis, 78, 85–109. 3. Baumgartner, M. (2008). Regularity Theories Reassessed. Philosophia. Philosophical Quarterly of Israel, 36 (3), 327–354. 4. Baumgartner, M. (2010). Interventionism and Epiphenomenalism. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 40 (3), 359–384. 5.∗ Baumgartner, M. & Lampert, T. (2008). Adequate Formalization. Synthese, 164 (1), 93–115. Beisbart, Claus DR 1. Beisbart, C. (2011a). A Transformation of Normal Science. Computer Simulations from a Philosophical Perspective. Unpublished Habilitation Thesis, TU Dortmund, Germany. 2. Beisbart, C. (2009). Can We Justifiably Assume the Cosmological Principle in order to Break Model Underdetermination in Cosmology? Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 40 (2), 175–205. 3. Beisbart, C. (2011b). Probabilistic Modeling in Physics. In C. Beisbart & S. Hartmann (Eds.), Probabilities in Physics (pp. 143–167). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4. Beisbart, C. & Jung, T. (2004). The Messy Mass? On the Concept of Mass in Special Relativity. Philosophia Naturalis, 41 (1), 1–52. 5. Beisbart, C. & Jung, T. (2006). Privileged, Typical, or not even that? – Our Place in the World According to the Copernican and the Cosmological Principles. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 37 (2), 225–256. 43 Betz, Gregor 1. Betz, G. (2010a). Theorie dialektischer Strukturen. Frankfurt a. M.: Klostermann. 2. Betz, G. (2013). Debate Dynamics. How Controversy Improves Our Beliefs. Dordrecht: Springer. 3. Betz, G. (2012). Prediction or Prophecy? The Boundaries of Economic Foreknowledge and their Socio-Political Consequences. Wiesbaden: DUV. 4. Betz, G. (2010b). What’s the Worst Case? The Method of Possibilistic Prediction. Analyse & Kritik, 32 (1), 87–106. AF T 5. Betz, G. (2008). Der Umgang mit Zukunftswissen in der Klimapolitikberatung. Eine Fallstudie zum Stern Review. Philosophia Naturalis, 45 (1), 95–129. Blättler, Christine 1. Blättler, C. (in press). Serie. Dimensionen einer sozialphilosophischen und epistemologischen Figur. Munich: Fink. 2. Blättler, C. (2012b). Social Dissatisfaction and Social Change. In A. W. Wood & S. S. Hahn (Eds.), Cambridge History of Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century (1790–1870) (pp. 760–790). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3. Blättler, C. (2012a). Nietzsche und die Experimentalisierung des Lebens. In H. Heit, G. Abel, & M. Brusotti (Eds.), Nietzsches Wissenschaftsphilosophie (pp. 455–463). Berlin: De Gruyter. 4. Blättler, C. (2010). Das Experiment im Spannungsfeld von Freiheit und Zwang. Probierstein und Versuchskunst bei Kant. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, 58 (6), 873–888. Breger, Herbert 1. Grosholz, E. & Breger, H. (Eds.). (2010). The Growth of Mathematical Knowledge. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DR 2. Breger, H. (1992a). A Restoration that Failed: Paul Finsler’s Theory of Sets. In D. Gillies (Ed.), Revolutions in Mathematics (pp. 249–264). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3. Breger, H. (1992b). Tacit Knowledge in Mathematical Theory. In J. Echeverria, A. Ibarra, & T. Mormann (Eds.), The Space of Mathematics. Philosophical, Epistemological, and Historical Explorations (pp. 79–90). Berlin: De Gruyter. 4. Breger, H. (2008a). Natural Numbers and Infinite Cardinal Numbers. Paradigm Change in Mathematics. In H. Hecht, R. Mikosch, I. Schwarz, H. Siebert, & R. Werther (Eds.), Kosmos und Zahl. Beiträge zur Mathematik- und Astronomiegeschichte, zu Alexander von Humboldt und Leibniz (pp. 309–318). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. 5. Breger, H. (2008b). The Art of Mathematical Rationality. In M. Dascal (Ed.), Leibniz. What Kind of Rationalist? (pp. 141–152). Dordrecht: Springer. 44 Breil, Reinhold 1. Breil, R. (2011). Die Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaft. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. 2. Breil, R. (Ed.). (1993). Grundzüge einer Philosophie der Natur. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. 3. Breil, R. (1997). Hönigswalds Organismusbegriff und der Systembegriff in der modernen Biologie. In W. Schmied-Kowarzik (Ed.), Erkennen, Monas, Sprache (pp. 211–224). Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. AF T 4. Breil, R. (2005). Karl Poppers Philosophie der Physik: Das Postskript zur Logik der Forschung. Philosophischer Literaturanzeiger, 58 (2), 187–205. 5. Breil, R. (1998). Systematische Untersuchungen zur Erkenntnis- und Wissenschaftstheorie. Philosophischer Literaturanzeiger, 51 (1), 76–86. Bremer, Manuel 1. Bremer, M. (2005b). Tierisches Bewusstsein als Testfall für die Kognitionswissenschaften. In C. Herrmann, M. Pauen, & J. Rieger (Eds.), Bewusstsein. Philosophie, Neurowissenschaften, Ethik (pp. 286–308). Munich: UTB. 2. Bremer, M. (2006). Tierisches Bewusstsein, Anthropomorphismus und Heterophänomenologie. Philosophisches Jahrbuch, 113 (2), 397–410. 3. Bremer, M. (2007). Methodologische Überlegungen zu tierischen Überzeugungen. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 38 (2), 347–355. 4. Bremer, M. (2005a). Pro Pain. On the Role of the Phenomenon and Concept of Pain in Studying Animal Minds. In P. Weingartner (Ed.), Das Problem des Übels in der Welt (pp. 120–131). Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang. Brendel, Elke 1. Brendel, E. (2013b). Wissen. Berlin: De Gruyter. DR 2. Brendel, E. (1999). Wahrheit und Wissen. Paderborn: Mentis. 3. Brendel, E. (2004). Intuition Pumps and the Proper Use of Thought Experiments. Dialectica, 58 (1), 89–108. 4. Brendel, E. (2012). Knowledge, Contextualism, and Moorean Paradox. In C. Jäger & W. Löffler (Eds.), Epistemology. Contexts, Values, Disagreement (pp. 15–40). Frankfurt a. M.: Ontos. 5. Brendel, E. (2013a). Knowledge: Safe or Virtuous? In T. Henning & D. P. Schweikard (Eds.), Knowledge, Virtue, and Action (pp. 227–244). New York: Routledge Chapman & Hall. 45 Bromand, Joachim 1. Bromand, J. (2002). Why Paraconsistent Logic can only Tell Half the Truth. Mind, 111 (444), 741–749. 2. Bromand, J. (2009). Grenzen des Wissens. Paderborn: Mentis. 3. Bromand, J. (2001). Philosophie der semantischen Paradoxien. Paderborn: Mentis. 4. Bromand, J. (2011). Gottesbeweise vor dem Hintergrund der modernen Wissenschaft. In J. Bromand & G. Kreis (Eds.), Gottesbeweise von Anselm bis Gödel (pp. 495–517). Berlin: Suhrkamp. Brössel, Peter AF T 5. Bromand, J. (2010). Das Nicht-Begriffliche in der Logik. In J. Bromand & G. Kreis (Eds.), Was sich nicht sagen lässt. Das Nicht-Begriffliche in Wissenschaft, Kunst und Religion (pp. 57–72). Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 1. Brössel, P., Eder, A.-M., & Huber, F. (2013). Evidential Support and Instrumental Rationality. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 87 (2), 279–300. 2. Brössel, P. (2013). Correlation and Truth. In V. Karakostas & D. Dieks (Eds.), EPSA11. Perspectives and Foundational Problems in Philosophy of Science (Vol. 2, pp. 41–54). Dordrecht: Springer. 3. Brössel, P. (2008). Theory Assessment and Coherence. Abstracta – Linguagem, Mente e Ação, 4 (1), 57–71. 4. Anglberger, A. & Brössel, P. (2008). Zur Definition von ‘Definition’. In M. Fürst, W. Gombocz, & C. Hiebaum (Eds.), Analysen, Argumente, Ansätze. Beiträge zum 8. Internationalen Kongress der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Philosophie in Graz (Vol. 2, pp. 95–106). Frankfurt a. M.: Ontos. 5. Brössel, P. & Eder, A.-M. (2013). Wahrscheinlichkeit und Erkenntnis. In T. Bonk (Ed.), Lexikon der Erkenntnistheorie. Darmstadt: WBG. Busse, Ralph DR 1. Busse, R. (2009b). Humean Supervenience, Vectorial Fields, and the Spinnung Sphere. Dialectica, 63 (4), 449–489. 2. Busse, R. (2009a). Fundamentale Eigenschaften und die Grundlagen des Ähnlichkeitsnominalismus. Philosophia Naturalis, 45 (2), 167–210. 3. Busse, R. (2008b). Qualitativität und Ähnlichkeit: Grundprobleme der Eigenschaftstheorie. Facta Philosophica, 10 (1-2), 185–230. 4. Busse, R. (2007). Eine reduktionistische Regularitätstheorie klassischer Kraftgesetze. Facta Philosophica, 9 (1-2), 213–244. 5. Busse, R. (2008a). Bradleys Regress und Prädikation. Ist fregesche Ungesättigtheit unvermeidlich? In H. Bohse & S. Walter (Eds.), Selected Papers Contributed to the Sections of GAP.6 (pp. 547–561). Paderborn: Mentis. 46 Büttemeyer, Wilhelm 1. Büttemeyer, W. (1995). Wissenschaftstheorie für Informatiker. Heidelberg: Spektrum/Springer. 2. Büttemeyer, W. (Ed.). (2009). Philosophie der Mathematik (3rd). Freiburg: Karl Alber. 3. Büttemeyer, W. (2005). Popper on Definitions. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 36 (1), 15–28. AF T 4. Büttemeyer, W. (2004). Le concezioni della logica di Preti. In P. Parrini & L. M. Scarantino (Eds.), Il pensiero filosofico di Giulio Preti (pp. 145–158). Milano: Guerini e Associati. 5. Büttemeyer, W. (2003). Wissenschaft ist Theorie und Kunst zugleich. In W. E. Müller (Ed.), Hans Jonas – von der Gnosisforschung zur Verantwortungsethik (pp. 185–195). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. Carrier, Martin 1. Carrier, M. (2011). Wissenschaftstheorie. Zur Einführung. Hamburg: Junius. 2. Carrier, M. & Nordmann, A. (Eds.). (2011). Science in the Context of Application. Methodological Change, Conceptual Transformation, Cultural Reorientation. Dordrecht: Springer. 3. Carrier, M. (2001). Changing Laws and Shifting Concepts. On the Nature and Impact of Incommensurability. In P. Hoyningen-Huene & H. Sankey (Eds.), Incommensurability and Related Matters (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science) (pp. 65–90). 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Zürich: VDF. 89 6 6.1 Institutional Background Centers 6.2 AF T Which institutions can be regarded as centers or “strongholds” for philosophy of science in Germany? To answer this question, we (i) compiled a list of official centers with a focus on philosophy of science. Furthermore, we (ii) inquired, based on the survey results, which institutions (e.g., universities, research centers) were centers in the sense of having most PoS. Table 3 lists official centers in Germany with a focus on philosophy of science. To determine the institutions with the highest number of PoS (point (ii)), we counted all positions at the time of the survey, that is 2012, as summarized under the header present in Sect. 4. The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich had most PoS (n = 11), followed by the University of Düsseldorf (n = 7). The Ruhr University of Bochum (n = 6, Department I and II combined) and the University of Bonn (n = 6) were third. The Humboldt University of Berlin, the Technical University Munich, and the University of Münster achieved rank four (n = 5). In contrast, the majority of institutions in Germany had two or less PoS (see Sect. 4). Societies and Associations DR In this section we shall describe societies and associations with a focus on philosophy of science in Germany. There exists one German-based philosophy of science society: the Society for Philosophy of Science (“Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsphilosophie”, GWP; GWP, n.d.). The GWP was founded in 2011 and organizes congresses every three years. Its current president is Holger Lyre. Two German associations focus on the philosophy of the special sciences: the Working Committee Philosophy of Physics (“Arbeitsgruppe Philosophie der Physik”) of the German Physical Society (“Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft”; Arbeitsgruppe Philosophie der Physik, 2012a), which was founded in 2004 (Arbeitsgruppe Philosophie der Physik, 2012b); and the Network Philosophy of the Life Sciences (“Netzwerk Philosophie der Lebenswissenschaften”), which was born in 2011 and which is a part of the DFG funding scheme (Netzwerk der Lebenswissenschaften, n.d.). PoS are also represented by the two large German philosophical societies: (a) the Society for Analytic Philosophy (“Gesellschaft für Analytische Philosophie”, GAP) and (b) the German Society for Philosophy (“Deutsche Gesellschaft für Philosophie”, DGPhil). The GAP was founded in 1990 (GAP, n.d.) and organizes triennial congresses (GAP, n.d.), which include a large section specifically dedicated to logic and philosophy of science. Its current president is Achim Stephan. The DGPhil was launched in 1950 (Hogrebe, 2002, p. 7) by the name “Allgemeine Gesellschaft für Philosophy” (“General Society for Philosophy”). The 90 Table 3 German-based Centers with a Focus on Philosophy of Science # Center Carl von Linde Academy, Technical University Munich 2 4 Center for Interdisciplinary Research (“Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Forschung”, ZiF), Bielefeld University Center for Logic and Philosophy and History of Science (“Zentrum für Logik, Wissenschaftstheorie und Wissenschaftsgeschichte”), University of Rostock Center for Mind, Brain and Cognitive Evolution, Ruhr University Bochum 5 Center for Philosophy and Ethics of Science, University of Hannover 6 Center for Philosophy of Science (“Zentrum für Wissenschaftsheorie”, ZfW), University of Münster 7 Center for Philosophy and the Foundations of Science (“Zentrum für Philosophie und Grundlagen der Wissenschaft”), University of Gießen 8 Center for the Philosophical Foundations of the Sciences (“Zentrum Philosophische Grundlagen der Wissenschaft”), University of Bremen 9 Center Philosophy and Philosophy of Science (“Zentrum Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie”), University of Konstanz Düsseldorf Center for Logic and Philosophy of Science (DCLPS), University of Düsseldorf Interdisciplinary Center for Science and Technology Studies (“Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschafts- und Technikforschung”), University of Wuppertal Interdisciplinary Institute for Philosophy of Science and Science Studies (“Interdisziplinäres Institut für Wissenschaftstheorie und Wissenschaftsforschung”), now: Center for Applied Ethics and Science Communication (“Zentralinstitut für Angewandte Ethik und Wissenschaftskommunikation”), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg 3 DR 10 AF T 1 11 12 13 Max Planck Institute for History of Science, Berlin 14 Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy (MCMP), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich 91 DGPhil hosts philosophy congresses every three years (DGPhil, 2007a, 2007b) with a philosophy of science section. Its current president is Michael Quante. 6.3 Journals Discussion and Conclusion DR 7 AF T There are four German-based journals with a focus on philosophy of science: (1) Erkenntnis, (2) the Journal for General Philosophy of Science, (3) Philosophia Naturalis, and (4) Physics and Philosophy. Erkenntnis was founded by Hans Reichenbach and Rudolf Carnap in 1930 (Carnap and Reichenbach, 1930) and re-founded by Carl Hempel, Wolfgang Stegmüller, and Wilhelm Essler in 1975 (Hempel, Stegmüller, and Essler, 1975). Its current editor-in-chief is Hannes Leitgeb (Erkenntnis, n.d.). Alwin Diemer, Lutz Geldsetzer, and Gert König launched the Journal for General Philosophy of Science (JGPS) in 1970 by the name ‘Zeitschrift für allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie’. The current editors-in-chief are Ulrich Krohs, Helmut Pulte, and Gregor Schiemann (Journal for General Philosophy of Science, n.d.). Since 2013 the journal is associated with the GWP. Philosophia Naturalis was founded in 1950 by Eduard May, Wilfried Stache, and Hermann Wein (E. May, 1950). It is currently edited by Andreas Bartels, Olaf L. Müller, Manfred Stöckler, and Marcel Weber (Philosophia Naturalis, n.d.). Physics and Philosophy is the newest addition of German-based philosophy of science journals. It is an open access journal and was founded in 2006. Its current editors are Brigitte Falkenburg and Wolfgang Rhode (Physics and Philosophy, n.d.). Several central characteristics of the German philosophy of science community have been discussed and described: PoS’ (i) academic positions, (ii) research foci, (iii) publications, and (iv) externally funded research projects. To this end, this paper has given precise quantitative estimates of points (i)–(iv) based on a large sample of participants, in addition to a qualitative description of (i)-(iii). A potential limitation was that predocs were underrepresented compared to professors and emeriti, and to some extent postdocs and PDs. However, since we were mainly interested in academic positions, publications, and externally funded research projects, an underrepresentation of predocs did not seem to have affected our main findings strongly. Let us now discuss some main findings of this paper: Firstly, the German philosophy of science community seems to be larger than the estimate of Lyre (2008a) might suggest and also larger than we expected. Secondly, the number of externally funded projects focusing on philosophy of science seemed to have increased in recent years. Since externally funded projects often come with non-permanent short-term positions, this might at 92 DR AF T least partially have contributed to the large number of PoS in Germany. On the other hand, a qualitative inspection of the survey data indicated that the number of permanent positions did not increase. Thirdly, the results indicate that women are underrepresented, except for junior professorships. Although the large proportion of female junior professors might seem to be progress in terms of gender balance, it is arguably not. This percentage was not backed up by an increased percentage of women at earlier career stages, such as predoctoral, postdoctoral, and PD stages. Rather, to attain a higher percentage of female professors, it seems advisable to focus on these earlier career stages, particularly the predoctoral stage. Fourthly, PoS in Germany participate strongly in the international debate and are closely interlinked with the international research landscape. Such a conclusion is supported by the large percentage of English language publications as well as PoS’ preference for non-local, that is non-German-based, journals. In addition, it was particularly remarkable that about a fourth of the funding institutions of external projects involved funding institutions outside Germany. Fifthly, PoS in Germany have an excellent track record of publications. Importantly, the most frequently journals among PoS’ most important publications overlap greatly with the most prestigious journals in the field, as determined by the international philosophy of science community. In addition, PoS’ publications with non-German-based publishers subsume the most highly esteemed publishers in philosophy, along with prestigious German-based publishers. Taken together, this paper provides evidence that philosophy of science in Germany is in good shape. There are downsides, such as the gender imbalance as well as the increasing number of temporary positions rather than permanent positions. On the other hand, the German philosophy of science community is rather large and its members have a strong track record of excellent publications. Furthermore, the Germany philosophy of science community seems to be well interconnected with international research community. In sum, our findings suggest that the German philosophy of science community and its research definitely merits attention. References Arbeitsgruppe Philosophie der Physik. (2012a). Arbeitsgruppe Philosophie der Physik. Retrieved from https://www.dpg-physik.de/dpg/gliederung/ag/ agphil/index.html Arbeitsgruppe Philosophie der Physik. (2012b). Arbeitsgruppe Philosophie der Physik. Retrieved from https://www.dpg-physik.de/dpg/gliederung/ag/ agphil/index.html Barrotta, P. (1998). Report. After Twenty Years. Contemporary Philosophy of Science in Italy. An Overview. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 29, 327–345. Carnap, R. & Reichenbach, H. (1930). [Titlepage]. Erkenntnis, 1 (1). 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Philosophy of Science in Hungary. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 25, 157–175. 94 Vihalemm, R. & Müürsepp, P. (2007). Philosophy of Science in Estonia. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 38, 167–191. Acknowledgements DR AF T We thank Wolfgang Spohn, Maria Kronfeldner, Ludwig Fahrbach, and Ioannis Votsis for their valuable comments. We are grateful to the GAP, the GWP and the editors of the Journal for General Philosophy of Science (Ulrich Krohs, Helmut Pulte, and Gregor Schiemann) for their support. We are indebted to all participants of the survey. Without their support this paper would not have been possible. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge Sarah Ipakchi, Annika Schuster, Tina Druckenmüller, Philipp Grimm, Anna Kim, and Sebastian Maaß for their help with processing the survey results. 95