Skip to main content
Log in

Spanish and American Business Professionals' Ethical Evaluations in Global Situations

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

More ethics research needs to explore the global differences in ethical evaluations. This study explored the relationships among nationality, teleological evaluations, ethical judgments, and ethical intentions using a sample of 222 American and Spanish business professionals. The path analysis indicated that teleological evaluations were related to ethical judgments and that both ethical judgments and teleological evaluations were related to ethical intentions. Executive nationality was related to teleological evaluations and ethical intentions with American individuals having higher teleological assessments and intentions to act ethically than the Spanish individuals. These findings have implications for global companies, which are presented along with the study's limitations and future research suggestions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler, N.: 1983, 'Cross-Cultural Management Research: The Ostrich and The Trend', Academy of Management Review 8(2), 226–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I.: 1991, 'The Theory of Planned Behavior', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50, 179–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alder, G. S.: 1998, 'Ethical Issues in Electronic Performance Monitoring: A Consideration of Deontological and Teleological Perspectives', Journal of Business Ethics 17, 729–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, C. S. and H. J. Becker: 1978, 'The Use of Vignettes in Survey Research', Public Opinion Quarterly 42, 93–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. C. and D. W. Gerbing: 1988, 'Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach', Psychological Bulletin 103, 411–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arbuckle, J. L. and W. Wothke: 1999, AMOS 4.0 User's Guide (Chicago: SmallWaters Corporation).

    Google Scholar 

  • Argandoña, A.: 1999, 'Business Ethics in Spain', Journal of Business Ethics 22, 155–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, J. L. and Y. Yi: 1988, 'On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16, 74–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H. and D. J. Fritzsche: 1987a, 'Business Ethics: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Managers' Attitudes', Journal of Business Ethics 6, 289–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H. and D. J. Fritzsche: 1987b, 'A Comparison of the Ethical Behavior of American, French and German Managers', Columbia Journal of World Business (Winter), 87–95.

  • Cavanagh, G. F.: 1998, American Business Values with International Perspectives (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanagh, G. F., S. J. Fritzsche and D. J. Fritzsche: 1985, 'Using Vignettes in Business Ethics Research', Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy 7, 279–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chonko, L.: 1995, Ethical Decision Making in Marketing (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. and J. Aram: 1997, 'Universal Values, Behavioral Ethics and Entrepreneurship', Journal of Business Ethics 16, 561–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., L. Pant and D. Sharp: A Validation and Extension of a Multidimensional Ethics Scale, Journal of Business Ethics 12, 13–26.

  • Cruz. C. A., W. E. Shafer, and J. R. Strawser: 2000, 'A Multidimensional Analysis of Tax Practitioners' Ethical Judgments, Journal of Business Ethics 24, 223–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dabholkar, P. A. and J. J. Kellaris: 1992, 'Toward Understanding Marketing Students' Ethical Judgment of Controversial Personal Selling Practices', Journal of Business Research 24, 313–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeConinck, J. B. and W. F. Lewis: 1997, 'The Influence of Deontological and Teleological Considerations and Ethical Climate on Sales Managers' Intentions to Reward or Punish Sales Force Behavior', Journal of Business Ethics 16, 497–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeGeorge, R. T.: 1994, 'International Business Ethics', Business Ethics Quarterly 4, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faircloth, J. B., L. M. Capella and B. L. Alford: 2001, 'The Effect of Brand Attitude and Brand Image on Brand Equity', Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 9, 61–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C. and L. G. Gresham: 1985, 'A Contingency Framework For Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing', Journal of Marketing 49, 87–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C., L. G. Gresham and J. Fraedrich: 1989, 'A Synthesis of Ethical Decision Making Models for Marketing', Journal of Macromarketing 11, 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraedrich, J. P.: 1993, 'The Ethical Behavior of Retail Managers', Journal of Business Ethics 12, 207–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraedrich, J. P. and O. C. Ferrell: 1992, 'The Impact of Perceived Risk and Moral Philosophy Type on Ethical Decision Making in Business Organizations', Journal of Business Research 24, 283–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankena, W.: 1973, Ethics (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, D. J. and H. Becker: 1982, 'Business Ethics of Future Marketing Managers', Journal of Marketing Education (Fall), 2–7.

  • Geo-JaJa, M. A. and G. L. Mangum: 2000, 'The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act's Consequences for U.S. Trade: The Nigerian example', Journal of Business Ethics 24, 245–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giacobbe, R. W. and M. N. Segal: 2000, 'A Comparative Analysis of Ethical Perceptions in Marketing Research: U.S.A. vs. Canada', Journal of Business Ethics 27, 229–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Jr., R. E. Anderson, R. L. Tatham and W. C. Black: 1998, Multivariate Data Analysis 5th Edition (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G.: 1991, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (McGraw Hill, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L. and P. M. Bentler: 1999, 'Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives', Structural Equation Modeling 6, 1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D. and A. Z. Vasquez-Parraga: 1993, 'Organizational Consequences, Marketing Ethics, and Sales-force Supervision', Journal of Marketing Research 30, 78–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D. and S. Vitell: 1986, 'A General Theory of Marketing Ethics', Journal of Macromarketing 8, 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D. and S. Vitell: 1991, 'The General Theory of Marketing Ethics: A Retrospective and Revision', in N. C. Smith and J. A. Quelch (eds.), Ethics in Marketing (Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, IL), pp. 775–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, S. P.: 1993, 'The Clash of Civilizations?', Foreign Affairs 72(3), 22–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husted, B. W.: 2000, 'The Impact of National Culture on Software Piracy', Journal of Business Ethics 26, 197–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izraeli, D. and M. S. Schwartz: 1998, 'What Can We Learn from the U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizational Ethics?', Journal of Business Ethics 17, 1045–1055.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaccard, J. and C. K. Wan: 1986, 'Cross-Cultural Methods for the Study of Behavioral Decision Making', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 17(2), 123–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T. and M. C. Artola: 1997, 'Ethical Beliefs and Managerial Behaviour: A Cross Cultural Comparison', Journal of Business Ethics 16, 1163–1173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeurissen, H. J. M. and H. van Luijk: 1998, 'The Ethical Reputations of Managers in Nine EU Countries: A Cross-Cultural Survey', Journal of Business Ethics 17, 9–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jose, A. and M. S. Thibodeaux: 1999, 'Institutionalization of Ethics: The Perspective of Managers', Journal of Business Ethics 22, 133–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaikati, J. G., G. M. Sullivan, J. M. Virgo, T. R. Carr and K. S. Virgo: 2000, 'The Price of International Business Morality: Twenty Years Under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act', Journal of Business Ethics 26, 213–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kedia, B. L. and R. S. Bhagat: 1988, 'Cultural Constraints on Transfer of Technology Across Nations: Implications for Research in International and Comparative Management', Academy of Management Review 13(4), 559–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, E. J. and L. Lawton: 1996, 'The Effects of Social and Moral Integration on Ethical Standards: A Comparison of American and Ukrainian Business Students', Journal of Business Ethics 15, 901–911.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laczniak, G. R. and P. E. Murphy: 1993, Ethical Marketing Decisions: The Higher Road (Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, W. S. and D. C. Robertson: 1997, 'Corporate Ethics Initiatives as Social Control', Journal of Business Ethics 16, 1029–1048.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, J. E. and C. L. Beck-Dudley: 1994, 'Are Deontology and Teleology Mutually Exclusive?', 13, 615–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, G.: 2000, 'Cross-Cultural Methodological Issues in Ethical Research', Journal of Business Ethics 27, 89–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menguc, B.: 1998, 'Organizational Consequences, Marketing Ethics and Salesforce Supervision: Further Empirical Evidence', Journal of Business Ethics 17, 333–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan, T. M.: 1987, 'The Two Cultures in Business Education', Academy of Management Review 12(4), 593–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nill, A. L. and C. J. Shultz II: 1997, 'Marketing Ethics Across Cultures: Decision-Making Guidelines and the Emergence of Dialogic Idealism', Journal of Macromarketing 17, 4–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens, J.: 1983, 'Business Ethics in the College Classroom', Journal of Business Education (April), 258–262.

  • Payne, D., C. Raiborn and J. Askvik: 1997, 'A Global Code of Business Codes', Journal of Business Ethics 16, 1727–1735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rallapalli, K. C.: 1999, 'A Paradigm for Development and Promulgation of a Global Code of Marketing Ethics', Journal of Business Ethics 18, 125–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reidenbach, E. R. and D. P. Robin: 1988, 'Some Initial Steps Toward Improving the Measurement of Ethics Evaluations in Marketing Activities', Journal of Business Ethics 7, 871–879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reidenbach, R. E. and D. P. Robin: 1990, 'Toward the Development of Multidimensional Scale for Improving Evaluations of Business Ethics', Journal of Business Ethics 9, 639–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reidenbach, R. E., D. P. Robin and L. Dawson: 1991, 'An Application and Extension of a Multidimensional Ethics Scale to Selected Marketing Practices and Marketing Groups', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 19, 83–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rittenburg, T. L. and S. R. Valentine: 2002, 'Spanish and American Executives' Ethical Judgments and Intentions', Journal of Business Ethics 38, 291–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robin, D. P. and R. E. Reidenbach: 1987, 'Social Responsibility, Ethics, and Marketing Strategy: Closing the Gap Between Concept and Application', Journal of Marketing 51, 44–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarwono, S. S. and R. W. Armstrong: 2001, 'Microcultural Differences and Perceived Ethical Problems: An International Business Perspective', Journal of Business Ethics 30, 41–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sekaran, U.: 1983, 'Methodological and Theoretical Issues and Advances in Cross Cultural Research', Journal of International Business Studies 14(2), 61–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silver, L. and S. Valentine: 2000, 'College Students Perceptions of Moral Intensity in Sales Situations', Journal of Education for Business 75, 309–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims, R. R.: 1991, 'The Institutionalization of Organizational Ethics,' Journal of Business Ethics 10, 493–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, P.: 1991, 'A Refutation of Ordinary Morality', Ethics 101, 625–633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smeltzer, L. R. and M. M. Jennings: 1998, 'Why an International Code of Business Ethics would be Good for Business', Journal of Business Ethics 17, 57–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, N. C. and J. A. Quelch: 1993, Ethics in Marketing (Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, IL).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spratlen, T. H.: 1973, 'Marketing: A Social Responsibility', AMA Combined Proceedings (American Management Association), 34, 75–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treviño, L. K.: 1986, 'Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interaction Model', Academy of Management Review 11(3), 601–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trompenaars, F.: 1994, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business (Irwin Professional Publishing, Burr Ridge, IL).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsalikis, J. and D. J. Fritzsche: 1989, 'Business Ethics: A Literature Review with a Focus on Marketing Ethics', Journal of Business Ethic 8, 695–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsalikis, J. and M. S. LaTour: 1995, 'Bribery and Extortion in International Business: Ethical Perceptions of Greeks Compared to Americans', Journal of Business Ethic 14, 249–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui, J. and C. Windsor: 2001, 'Some Cross-Cultural Evidence on Ethical Reasoning', Journal of Business Ethics 31, 143–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, D.: 1992, 'The Globalization of Business Ethics: Why America Remains Distinctive', California Management Review 35, 30–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkema, R. J.: 1999, 'Ethicality in Negotiations: An Analysis of Perceptual Similarities and Differences Between Brazil and the United States', Journal of Business Research 45, 59–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, J.: 1990, 'Scenarios in Business Ethics Research: Review, Critical Assessment, and Recommendations', Business Ethics Quarterly 2, 137–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B., B. Muthen, D. F. Alwin and G. F. Summers: 1977, 'Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models', in Heise, D. R. (ed.) Sociological Methodology 1977, (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco), pp. 84–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wines, W. A. and N. K. Napier: 1992, 'Toward an Understanding of Cross-Cultural Ethics: A Tentative Model', Journal of Business Ethics 11, 831–841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wines, W. A. and J. Wilterding: 1988, 'Perspectives on Teaching Business Ethics: An Empirical Analysis of Student Attitude Changes Toward Corporate Social Responsibility Over 15 Weeks', Midwest Law Review 7, 60–79.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Valentine, S.R., Rittenburg, T.L. Spanish and American Business Professionals' Ethical Evaluations in Global Situations. Journal of Business Ethics 51, 1–14 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000032384.74020.a8

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000032384.74020.a8

Navigation