Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T11:37:39.230Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Legacy Motive: A Catalyst for Sustainable Decision Making in Organizations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2015

Abstract:

In this article, we review and build on intergenerational and behavioral ethics research to consider how the motive to build a lasting legacy can impact ethical behavior in intergenerational decision making. We discuss how people can utilize their relationships to organizations to craft their legacies. Further, we elucidate how the legacy motive can enhance business ethics, incorporating theory and empirical findings from research on intergenerational decision making, generativity, and terror management theory to develop the legacy construct and to outline the psychological underpinnings of motivations to leave a positive legacy. We discuss the ways in which legacies can provide a link between life-meaning and pro-social motivation, and we consider the ways in which individuals’ social environments can moderate the intensity of the legacy motive and can impact legacy-building behavior by determining the types of legacies that are valued. Finally, we highlight the implications of these ideas for ethical behavior and sustainable decision making in business contexts.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abele, A. 1985. Thinking about thinking: Causal, evaluative, and finalistic cognitions about social situations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15: 31532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aquino, K., Freeman, D., Reed, A. II, Lim, V. K. G., & Felps, W. 2009. Testing a social-cognitive model of moral behavior: The interactive influence of situations and moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97: 12341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aquino, K., & Reed, A. II. 2002. The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 1423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Simon, L. 1997. Subliminal presentation of death reminders leads to increased defense of the cultural worldview. Psychological Science, 8: 37985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Simon, L. 1997. Suppression, accessibility of death-related thoughts, and cultural worldview defense: Exploring the psychodynamics of terror management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73: 518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arndt, J., Lieberman, J. D., Cook, A., & Solomon, S. 2005. Terror management in the courtroom: Exploring the effects of mortality salience on legal decision making. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11: 40738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashforth, B., & Kreiner, G. 1999. “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 25: 41334.Google Scholar
Babcock, L., Loewenstein, G., Issacharoff, S., & Camerer, C. 1995. Biased judgments of fairness in bargaining. The American Economic Review, 85: 133743.Google Scholar
Bacharach, S. B., & Bamberger, P. A. 2007. 9/11 and New York city firefighters’ post hoc unit support and control climates: A context theory of the consequences of involvement in traumatic work-related events. Academy of Management Journal, 50: 84968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banaji, M., & Bhaskar, R. 2000. Implicit stereotypes and memory: The bounded rationality of social beliefs. In Schacter, D. & Scarry, E. (Eds.), Memory, brain and belief: 13975. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Banaji, M., Bazerman, M., & Chugh, D. 2003. How (un)ethical are you? Harvard Business Review, 81: 5664.Google Scholar
Barry, B. 1989. Theories of justice. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumeister, R., & Newman, L. 1994. Self-regulation of cognitive inference and decision processes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20: 320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. 1996. Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103: 533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bazerman, M., Loewenstein, G., & Moore, D. 2002. Why good accountants do bad audits. Harvard Business Review, 80: 96103.Google ScholarPubMed
Bazerman, M. H., & Neale, M. A. 1982. Improving negotiation effectiveness under final offer arbitration: the role of selection and training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67: 54348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, E. 1973. The denial of death. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Becker, E. 1975. Escape from evil. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, L. 1972. Social norms, feelings, and other factors affecting helping and altruism. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 6: 63108. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bixenstine, E. V., Levitt, C., & Wilson, K. V. 1966. Collaboration in a six person prisoner’s dilemma game. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 10: 48896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohner, G., Bless, H., Schwartz, N., & Strack, F. 1988. What triggers causal attributions? The impact of valence and subjective probability. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18: 33545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, G., Katok, E., & Zwick, R. 1998. Dictator game giving: Fairness versus random acts of kindness. The International Journal of Game Theory, 27: 26999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradford, T. W. 2009. Intergenerationally gifted asset dispositions. Journal of Consumer Research, 36: 93111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunderson, J. S., & Thompson, J. A. 2009. The call of the wild: Zookeepers, callings, and the double edged sword of deeply meaningful work. Administrative Sciences Quarterly, 54: 3257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cadsby, C. B., & Maynes, E. 1998. Choosing between a socially efficient and free-riding equilibrium: Nurses fersus economics and business students. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 37: 18392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, S., Lee-Chai, A. Y., & Bargh, J. T. 2001. Relationship orientation as a moderator of the effects of social power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80: 17387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chugh, D., Bazerman, M. H., & Banaji, M. R. 2005. Bounded ethicality as a psychological barrier to recognizing conflicts of interest. In Moore, D. A.Cain, D. M.Loewenstein, G., & Bazerman, M. H. (Eds.), Conflicts of interest: Problems and solutions from law, medicine, and organizational settings. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, R. E., & LaBeff, E. E. 1982. Death telling: Managing the delivery of bad news. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23: 36680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cozzolino, P. J., Staples, A. D., Meyers, L. S., & Samboceti, J. 2004. Greed, death, and values: From terror management to transcendence management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30: 27892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cropanzano, R., Byrne, Z. S., Bobocel, D. R., & Rupp, D. E. 2001. Self-enhancement biases, laboratory experiments, George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and the increasingly crowded world of organizational justice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58: 26072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croson, R., & Marks, M. 1998. Identifiability of individual contributions in a threshold public goods experiment. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 42: 16790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dana, J., Weber, R. A., & Kuang, J. X. 2007. Exploiting moral wiggle room: Experiments demonstrating an illusory preference for fairness. Economic Theory, 33: 6780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeCelles, K., DeRue, S., & Margolis, J. 2009. The complexity of the moral self: Moral identity, identity salience, and power. Paper presented at the Academy of Management meeting, Chicago.Google Scholar
De Cremer, D., & Van Knippenberg, D. 2004. Leader self-sacrifice and leadership effectiveness: The moderating role of leader self-confidence. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 95, 14055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Dreu, C., & Van Knippenberg, D. 2005. The possessive self as a barrier to conflict resolution: Effects of mere ownership, process accountability, and self-concept clarity on competitive cognitions and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89: 34557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diekmann, K., Samuels, S., Ross, L., & Bazerman, M. 1997. Self-interest and fairness in problems of resource allocation: Allocators versus recipients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 106174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Economist, 2009. The pedagogy of the privileged. Economist, 392: 81.Google Scholar
Elm, D., & Nichols, M. 1993. An investigation of the moral reasoning of managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 12: 81733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, E. H. 1963. Childhood and society, 2nd ed. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Ferraro, F., Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. 2005. Economics language and assumptions: How theories become self fulfilling. Academy of Management Review, 30: 824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferraro, F., Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. 2009. How and why theories matter: A comment on Felin and Foss (2009). Organization Science, 20: 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flannery, B. L., & May, D. R. 2000. Environmental ethical decision making and the U.S. metal finishing industry. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 64262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsythe, R., Horowitz, J. L., Savin, N. E., & Sefton, M. 1994. Fairness in simple bargaining experiments. Games and Economic Behavior, 6: 34769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, J., & Guyer, M. 1978. “Public” choice and cooperation in n-person prisoner’s dilemma. Journa of Conflict Resolution, 19: 50331.Google Scholar
Frank, B., & Schulze, G. 2000. Does economics make citizens corrupt? Journal of Economic Behavior, 43: 10113.Google Scholar
Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G., & O’Donoghue, , 2002. Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. Journal of Economic Literature, 40: 351401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, M. 1970. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine (September 13): 323.Google Scholar
Graebner, M. 2009. Caveat venditor: Trust assymetries in acquisitions of entrepreneurial firms. Academy of Management Journal, 52: 43572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, A. M., & Wade-Benzoni, K. A. 2009. The hot and cool of death awareness at work: Mortality cues, aging, and self-protective and prosocial motivations. Academy of Management Review, 34: 60022.Google Scholar
Greenberg, J. 1978. Effects of reward value and retaliative power on allocation decisions: justice, generosity, or greed? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36: 36779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. 1986. The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In Baumeister, R. F. (Ed.), Public self and private self. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. 1997. Terror management theory of self-esteem and social behavior: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 29: 61139. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. 2001. The emotional dog and its rational tail. Psychological Review, 108: 81434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J., & Graham, J. 2007. When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research, (20), 98116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halasz, N. 1959. Nobel: A biography of Alfred Nobel. New York: Orion Press.Google Scholar
Handgraaf, M. J., Van Dijk, E., Vermunt, R. C., Wilke, H., & De Dreu, C. K. W. 2008. Less power or powerless: paradoxical preferences and offers for low- vs. no-power agents in ultimatum games. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.Google ScholarPubMed
Hernandez, M., Chen, Y.-R., & Wade-Benzoni, K. A. 2006. Toward an understanding of psychological distance reduction between generations: a cross-cultural perspective. In Chen, Y.-R. (Ed.), National culture and groups, vol. 9, pp. 320. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, E., McCabe, K., & Smith, V. L. 1996. Social distance and other-regarding behavior in dictator games. American Economic Review, 86: 65360.Google Scholar
Hofmann, D., & Stetzer, A. 1998. The role of safety climate and communication in accident interpretation: Implications for learning from negative events. Academy of Management Journal, 41: 64147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofstede, G. 2001. Culture’s consequences: Comparing values behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
Jemison, D. B., & Sitkin, S. B. 1986. Corporate acquisitions: A process perspective. Academy of Management Review, 11: 14563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jerdee, T., & Rosen, B. 1974. Effects of opportunity to communicate and visibility of individual decisions on behavior in the common interest. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59: 71216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joireman, J., & Duell, B. 2005. Mother Teresa versus Ebenezer Scrooge: Mortality salience leads proselfs to endorse self-transcendent values (unless proselfs are reassured). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31: 30720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonas, E., Schimel, J., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. 2002. The Scrooge effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28: 134253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, T. M. 1991. Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue contingent model. Academy of Management Review, 16: 36695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, A., & Ross, L. 2003. The perceptual push: The interplay of implicit cues and explicit situational construals on behavioral intentions in the prisoner’s dilemma. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39: 63443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kern, M., & Chugh, D. 2009. Bounded ethicality: The perils of loss framing. Psychological Science, 20: 37884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khurana, R. 2007. From higher aims to hired hands: The social transformation of American business schools and the unfulfilled promise of management as a profession. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, P., Diekmann, K., & Tenbrunsel, A. 2003. Flattery may get you somewhere: The strategic implications of providing positive vs. negative feedback about ability vs. ethicality in negotiation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90: 22543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konigsberg, E. 2008. Challenges of $600 a session patients. New York Times (July 7): B1.Google Scholar
Kotlikoff, L. J. 1992. Generational accounting. New York: Free Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotre, J. 1984. Outliving the self: Generativity and the interpretation of lives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Kramer, R., & Messick, D. 1996. Ethical cognition and the framing of organizational dilemmas: Decision makers as intuitive lawyers. In Messick, D. & Tenbrunsel, A. (Eds.), Codes of conduct: Behavioral research into business ethics, 5985. New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Liberman, N., Trope, Y., & Stephan, E. 2007. Psychological distance. In Kruglanski, A. W. & Higgens, E. T. (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles, vol. 2. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. 1992. The fall and rise of psychological explanations in the economics of intertemporal choice. In Loewenstein, G. & Elster, J. (Eds.), Choice over time, 334. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. 1996. Behavioral decision theory and business ethics: Skewed tradeoffs between self and other. In Messick, D. M. & Tenbrunsel, A. E. (Eds.), Codes of conduct: Behavioral research into business ethics, 21427. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G., Issacharoff, S., Camerer, C., & Babcock, L. 1993. Self-serving assessments of fairness and pretrial bargaining. Journal of Legal Studies, 22: 13559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewenstein, G. F., Thompson, L., & Bazerman, M. H. 1989. Social utility and decision making in interpersonal contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57: 42641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lykins, E. L. B., Segerstrom, S. C., Averill, A. J., Evans, D. R., & Kemeny, M. E. 2007. Goal shifts following reminders of mortality: Reconciling posttraumatic growth and terror management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33: 108899.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marwell, G. & Ames, R. 1981. Economists free ride, does anyone else? Experiments on the provision of public goods IV. Journal of Public Economics, 15: 295310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazar, N., Amir, O., & Ariely, D. 2008. The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance. Journal of Marketing Research, 45: 63344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, D. P., & de St. Aubin, E. 1992. A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62: 100315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGregor, H. A., Lieberman, J. D., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., Simon, L., & Pyszczynski, T. 1998. Terror management and aggression: Evidence that mortality salience motivates aggression against worldview-threatening others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74: 590605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLean, B., & Elkind, P. 2003. The smartest guys in the room. New York: Portfolio.Google Scholar
Messick, D. M., & Sentis, K. P. 1983. Fairness, preference, and fairness biases. In Messick, D. & Cook, K. (Eds.), Equity theory: Psychological and sociological perspectives, 6194. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Hirschberger, G. 2003. The existential function of close relationships: Introducing death into the science of love. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7: 2040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, S. A., & McDonald, R. A. 1994. The role of moral intensity in moral judgments: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 14: 71526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neale, M. A., & Bazerman, M. H. 1983. The role of perspective-taking ability in negotiating under different forms of arbitration. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 36: 37888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overbeck, J. R., & Park, B. 2001. When power does not corrupt: superior individuation processes among powerful perceivers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81: 54965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peeters, G., & Czapinski, J. 1990. Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects. European Review of Social Psychology, 1: 360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponemon, L. 1992. Ethical reasoning and selection-socialization in accounting. Accounting Organizations and Society, 17: 23958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portney, P. R., & Weyant, J. P. 1999. Discounting and intergenerational equity. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.Google Scholar
Pratto, F., & John, O. P. 1991. Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61: 38091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. 1999. A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106: 83545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, D. A. J. 1981. Contractarian theory, intergenerational justice, and energy policy. In MacLean, D. & Brown, P. G. (Eds.), Energy and the future, 13150. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Rossi, A. S. 2001. Caring and doing for other: Social responsibility in the domains of family, work, and community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shang, J., Reed, A. II, & Croson, R. 2008. Identity congruence effects on donations. Journal of Consumer Research, 45: 35161.Google Scholar
Sherif, M. 1966. In common predicament: Social psychology of intergroup conflict and cooperation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Sherman, G. 2009. The wail of the 1%. New York, 42: 2025.Google Scholar
Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Harmon-Jones, E., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., & Abend, T. 1997. Terror management and cognitive-experiential self-theory: Evidence that terror management occurs in the experiential system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 113246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinetar, M. 1981. Mergers, morale, and productivity. Personnel Journal, 60: 86367.Google Scholar
Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S., & Frank, G. 1999. Antecedents, consequences, and mediating effects of moral intensity and personal moral philosophies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27: 1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., and Pyszcznski, T. 1991. A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 24: 9359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stryker, S. 1968. Identity salience and role identity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 4: 55864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stryker, S., and Burke, P. 2000. The past, present, and future of identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63: 28497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suleiman, R. 1996. Expectations and fairness in a modified ultimatum game. Journal of Economic Psychology, 17: 53154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, S. E. 1991. Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 11: 6785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenbrunsel, A. E., Smith-Crowe, K., & Umphress, E. E. 2003. Building houses on rocks: the role of the ethical infrastructure in organizations. Social Justice Research, 16: 285307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tost, L. P., Hernandez, M., & Wade-Benzoni, K. A. 2008. Pushing the boundaries: A review and extension of the psychological dynamics of intergenerational conflict in organizational contexts. In Martocchio, J. J. (Ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, vol. 27: 93147. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tumlinson, J. 2010. Social responsibility of business beyond profits. Working paper, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Wade-Benzoni, K. A. 1999. Thinking about the future: An intergenerational perspective on the conflict and compatibility between economic and environmental interests. American Behavioral Scientist, 42: 13931405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade-Benzoni, K. A. 2002a. A golden rule over time: Reciprocity in intergenerational allocation decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 101128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade-Benzoni, K. A. 2002b. Too tough to die: September 11th, mortality salience, and intergenerational behavior. Journal of Management Inquiry, 11: 23539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade-Benzoni, K. A. 2003. Intergenerational identification and cooperation in organizations and society. In Neale, M.Mannix, E., & Tenbrunsel, A. (Eds.), Research on managing groups and teams, vol. 5: 25777. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Wade-Benzoni, K. A. 2006a. Giving future generations a voice. In Schneider, A. & Honeyman, C. (Eds.), The negotiator’s fieldbook: 21523. American Bar Association.Google Scholar
Wade-Benzoni, K. A. 2006b. Legacies, immortality, and the future: The psychology of intergenerational altruism. In Neale, M.Mannix, E., & Tenbrunsel, A. (Eds.), Research on managing groups and teams, vol. 11: 24770. Greenwich, CT: Elsevier Science Press.Google Scholar
Wade-Benzoni, K. A. 2008. Maple trees and weeping willows: The role of time, uncertainty, and affinity in intergenerational decisions. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 1: 22045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade-Benzoni, K. A., Hernandez, M., Medvec, V. H., & Messick, D. M. 2008. In fairness to future generations: The role of egocentrism, uncertainty, power, & stewardship in judgments of intergenerational allocations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44: 23345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade-Benzoni, K. A., Okumura, T., Brett, J. M., Moore, D., Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Bazerman, M. H. 2002. Cognitions and behavior in asymmetric social dilemmas: A comparison of two cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 8795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade-Benzoni, K. A., Sondak, H., & Galinsky, A. D. 2010. Leaving a Legacy: Intergenerational allocations of benefits and burdens. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20: 734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade-Benzoni, K. A., Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Bazerman, M. H. 1996. Egocentric interpretations of fairness in asymmetric, environmental social dilemmas: Explaining harvesting behavior & the role of communication. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67: 11126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade-Benzoni, K. A., & Tost, L. P. 2009. The egoism and altruism of intergenerational behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13: 16593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade-Benzoni, K. A., Tost, L. P., Hernandez, M., & Larrick, R. 2010. Intergenerational beneficence as a death anxiety buffer. Working paper, Duke University.Google Scholar
Walster, E., Walster, G. W., & Berscheid, E. 1978. Equity: Theory and research. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Weiner, B. 1985. “Spontaneous” causal thinking. Psychological Bulletin, 97: 7484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, E. B. 1989. In fairness to future generations: International law, common patrimony, and intergenerational equity. New York: Transnational Publishers.Google Scholar
Wrzesniewski, A. 2002. “It’s not just a job”: Shifting meanings of work in the wake of 9/11. Journal of Management Inquiry, 11: 23034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C. R., Rozin, P., & Schwartz, B. 1997. Jobs, careers, and callings: People’s relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31: 2133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar