Quelling Anxiety as Intimate Work: Maternal Responsibility to Alleviate Bad Feelings Emerging from Precarity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v10i2.1360Keywords:
motherhood, care, affect, anxiety, responsibility, gender, race, class, labour, reproductionAbstract
This article brings feminist literature on anxiety and wellness to bear on the responsibilities of mothers as they are represented in a series of popular editorial publications. It seeks to deepen the interdisciplinary dialogue between these theories of affect and theories of care work by examining how popular representations of maternal responsibility reflect a contemporary “affect of motherhood” and indicate specifically that mothers might be “coming undone” under the weight of a shared, political anxiety that they are encouraged to feel individually. It is argued that the newly complex and competing labours of mothers, and mothers’ complicity in and resistance to these labours, can only be understood in the context of public anxiety. It asks what is at stake for the most disenfranchised women when it comes to recognizing and resisting today’s intensified forms of maternal responsibility.
References
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Cotter, C. (2001). Discourse and media. In D. Tannen, D. Schiffrin, & H. Hamilton (Eds.), Handbook of discourse (pp. 416-436). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Cvetkovich, A. (2003). An archive of feelings: Trauma, sexuality, and lesbian public cultures. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Cvetkovich, A. (2012). Depression: A public feeling. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Daly, M. (2011). What adult worker model? A critical look at
recent social policy reform in Europe from a gender and family perspective. Social Politics 18(1), 1-23.
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Edelman, L. (2004). No future: Queer theory and the death drive. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Finkel, A. (2006). Social policy and practice in Canada: A history. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier Press.
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Vanessa G. (2002, May 20). Baby panic. New York Magazine. Retrieved from http://nymag.com/nymetro/urban/family/features/6030/
Halberstam, J. (2011). The queer art of failure. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representation and signifying practices. London, UK: Sage Publications.
Hattery, A. (2001). Women, work, and families: Balancing and weaving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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Hochschild, A. (2012). The outsourced self: Intimate life in market times. New York: Metropolitan Press.
hooks, b. (1992). Black looks: Race and representation. Chicago: South End.
Hrdy, S. (2000). Mother nature: Maternal instincts and how they shape human nature. New York: Ballantine Books.
Institute for Precarious Consciousness. (2014, April 4). We are all very anxious. [online zine], Retrieved from www.weareplanc.org/blog/we-are-all-very-anxious/
Kemp, R. (2012). ‘Music, kindness, a government that listens to its people.’ From a gender perspective, to what extent does the UK Office for National Statistics approach to ‘measuring national well-being’ meet its aim? (Unpublished masters thesis). London School of Economics, London.
Kershaw, P. (2005). Carefair: Rethinking the responsibilities and rights of citizenship. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press.
Lazar, M. (2007). Feminist critical discourse analysis: Articulating a feminist discourse praxis. Critical Discourse Studies 4(2), 141-164.
Lee, R., & Doucet, A. (2016). Consuming intimacies: Bodies, labour, care and social justice. Conference call for papers, Brock University. Retrieved September 26, 2016, from https://brocku.ca/social-justice-research-institute/special-issue-calls
Lewis, H. (2015, October). Unfinished business: Women, men, work, family. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/08/unfinished-business-women-men-work-family-anne-marie-slaughter-review
Lister, R. (1997). Citizenship: Toward a feminist synthesis. Feminist Review 57, 28-48.
Lister, R. (2003). Citizenship: Feminist perspectives (2nd ed.). New York: New York University Press.
Mohanty, C. (2003). Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Mohanty, C. (2013). Transnational feminist crossings: On neoliberalism and radical critique. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 38(4), 967-991.
Nathoo, T., & Ostry, A. (2009). The one best way? Breastfeeding history, politics, and policy in Canada. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Parker, I. (2014). Mothers at large: Responsibilizing the pregnant self for the “obesity epidemic.” Fat Studies 3(2), 101-118.
Puar, J. (2007). Terrorist assemblages: Homonationalism in queer times. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Rosin, H. (2010, July/August). The end of men. The Atlantic. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-end-of-men/308135/
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Schulte, B. (2014). Overwhelmed: Work, love, and play when no one has the time. London: Bloomsbury.
Schwartz, M. (2013, Summer). Kicking back, not leaning in. Dissent. Retrieved from www.dissentmagazine.org/article/kicking-back-not-leaning-in
Shoemaker, J. (2012, June 28). The new problem with no name. Centre for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved from http://csis.org/publication/new-problem-no-name
Slaughter, A-M. (2012, July/August). Why women still can’t have it all. The Atlantic. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/07/why-women-still-cant-have-it-all/309020/
Slaughter, A-M. (2015). Unfinished business: Women, men, work, family. London: Oneworld Publications.
Smith, K. (2014). The ups and downs of women’s employment: Shifting composition of behavior from 1970-2010? Upjohn Institute Working Papers, 14-211. Retrieved from http://research.upjohn.org/up_workingpapers/211/
Stone, P. (2008). Opting out: Why women really quit their careers and head home. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Thobani, S. (2007). Exalted subjects: Studies in the making of race and nation in Canada. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
Todd, D. (2013a, August 8). High birthrate among immigrant women has implications for Canada. Vancouver Sun. Retrieved November 27, 2013, from www.vancouversun.com/life/High+birthrate+among+immigrant+women+implications+Canada/8766093/story.html
Todd, D. (2013b, September 4). If White Americans don’t start having babies, the US will vanish by 2011. New Observer. Retrieved November 27, 2013, from http://newobserveronline.com/if-white-americans-dont-start-having-babies-now-the-us-will-vanish-by-2100/
Tronto, J. (1993). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. New York: Routledge.
Tronto, J. (2013). Caring democracy: Markets, equality, and justice. New York: New York University Press.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2001, October). “Fertility of American women: June 2000.” Retrieved from www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p20-543rv.pdf
Veenhoven, R. (1991). Questions on happiness: Classical topics, modern answers, blind spots. In F. Strack, M. Argyle, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 7-26). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Villalobos, A. (2014). The motherload: Making it all better in insecure times. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Vosko, L. (2010). Managing the margins: Gender, citizenship, and the international regulation of precarious employment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wallis, C. (2004, March 22). The case for staying home. Time. Retrieved from http://academics.wellesley.edu/Polisci/Han/Pol199/Syllabus/Moms_Staying_Home.pdf
Walsh, J. (2002, April 23). The baby panic. Salon. Retrieved July 4, 2014, from www.salon.com/2002/04/23/hewlett_book/
Warner, J. (2005). Perfect madness: Motherhood in the age of anxiety. New York: Penguin.
Warner, J. (2013, August 7). The opt-out generation wants back in. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2013/08/11/magazine/the-opt-out-generation-wants-back-in.html?pagewanted=all
Watson, A. (2016). Accumulating cares: Women, whiteness, and the affective labour of responsible reproduction in neoliberal times (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Ottawa, Canada.
Williams, F. (2006). Care work. In T. Fitzpatrick, H. Kwon, N. Manning, J. Midgely, & G. Pascall (Eds.), International encyclopedia of social policy (pp. 103-106). London: Routledge.
Williams, J. (2000). Unbending gender: Why family and work conflict and what to do about it. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williams, J. (2012). Reshaping the family-work debate. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wolf, J. (2010). Is breast best? Taking on the breastfeeding experts and the new high stakes of motherhood. New York: New York University Press.
Yuval-Davis, N. (1997). Gender and nation. London: Sage.
Albanese, P. (2006). Mothers of the nation: Gender, families and nationalism in Twentieth Century Europe. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). “Anxiety.” Retrieved from www.apa.org/topics/anxiety/
Beauvoir, S. de. (1949/1972). The second sex. (H. Madison, Trans.) London: Penguin Books.
Belkin, L. (2003, October 26). The opt-out revolution. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2003/10/26/magazine/26WOMEN.html?pagewanted=all
Berlant, L. (2011). Cruel optimism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Blair-Loy, M. (2005). Competing devotions. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
Caplan, B. (2008, April 16). Childlessness and regret. Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved July 15, 2014 from http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2008/04/childlessness_a.html
Carabine, J. (2001). Unmarried motherhood 1830-1990: A genealogical analysis. In M. Wetherall, S. Taylor, & S. Yates (Eds.), Discourse as data: A guide for analysis (pp. 267-310). London: Sage.
Centre for Disease Control. (2016, February). “Alcohol and pregnancy: Why take the risk?” Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/fasd/infographic.html
Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman.
Cotter, C. (2001). Discourse and media. In D. Tannen, D. Schiffrin, & H. Hamilton (Eds.), Handbook of discourse (pp. 416-436). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Cvetkovich, A. (2003). An archive of feelings: Trauma, sexuality, and lesbian public cultures. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Cvetkovich, A. (2012). Depression: A public feeling. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Daly, M. (2011). What adult worker model? A critical look at
recent social policy reform in Europe from a gender and family perspective. Social Politics 18(1), 1-23.
Day, J., & Downs, B. (2009). Are there common characteristics among women who opt out? [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved May 30, 2012, from www.census.gov/people/io/files/Opting-Out-presentation.ppt
Dempsey, R., Williams, J., & Slaughter, A-M. (2014). What works for women at work: Four patterns working women need to know. New York: New York University Press.
Dowd, M. (2005, October 30). What’s a modern girl to do? New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/magazine/whats-a-modern-girl-to-do.html
Duggan, L. (2004). The twilight of equality? Neoliberalism, cultural politics, and the attack on democracy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Edelman, L. (2004). No future: Queer theory and the death drive. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Finkel, A. (2006). Social policy and practice in Canada: A history. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier Press.
Firestone, S. (1970). The dialectic of sex: The case for feminist revolution. New York: Bantam Books.
Flanagan, C. (2004, March). How serfdom saved the woman’s movement. The Atlantic. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2004/03/flanagan.htm
Flora, C. (2009, January 1). The pursuit of happiness. Psychology Today. Retrieved from www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200812/the-pursuit-happiness
Foucault, M. (1976/1990). The history of sexuality, Volume One. (R. Hurley, Trans.). New York: Vintage Books.
Fraser, N. (2013, October 14). How feminism became capitalism’s handmaiden. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/14/feminism-capitalist-handmaiden-neoliberal
Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. New York: W. H. Norton & Co.
Glenn, N. E. (2010). Forced to care: Coercion and caregiving in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Giullari, S., & Lewis, J. (2005). The adult worker model family, gender equality, and care: The search for new policy principles, and the possibilities and problems of a capability approach.
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Social Policy & Development Programme Paper, 19 Geneva: UNRISD. Retrieved from www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/search/BB78CF0F20C2104FC1256FF6002BA3F5
Gottlieb, L. (2008, March). Marry him! The Atlantic. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/03/marry-him/306651/
Gottlieb, L. (2010). Marry him: The case for settling for Mr. Good Enough. New York: Penguin.
Graft, E. (2007, April 29). The mommy war machine. The Washington Post. Retrieved from www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/27/AR2007042702043.html
Guilder, G. (1986, September 1). Women in the workforce. The Atlantic. Retrieved June 2, 2014, from www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1986/09/women-in-the-work-force/304924/
Vanessa G. (2002, May 20). Baby panic. New York Magazine. Retrieved from http://nymag.com/nymetro/urban/family/features/6030/
Halberstam, J. (2011). The queer art of failure. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representation and signifying practices. London, UK: Sage Publications.
Hattery, A. (2001). Women, work, and families: Balancing and weaving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Herr, J. (2009, March 31). Why do highly educated women opt out of the labour force? VOX: CRP’s Policy Portal. Retrieved from www.voxeu.org/article/why-do-highly-educated-mothers-opt-out-labour-force
Hewlett, S. A. (2002a). Creating a life: Professional women and the quest for children. New York: Miramax Books.
Hewlett, S. A. (2002b, April). Executive women and the myth of having it all. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2002/04/executive-women-and-the-myth-of-having-it-all/ar/1
Hirshman, L. (2005, November 21). Homeward bound. The American Prospect. Retrieved from http://prospect.org/article/homeward-bound-0
Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Penguin Books.
Hochschild, A. (2012). The outsourced self: Intimate life in market times. New York: Metropolitan Press.
hooks, b. (1992). Black looks: Race and representation. Chicago: South End.
Hrdy, S. (2000). Mother nature: Maternal instincts and how they shape human nature. New York: Ballantine Books.
Institute for Precarious Consciousness. (2014, April 4). We are all very anxious. [online zine], Retrieved from www.weareplanc.org/blog/we-are-all-very-anxious/
Kemp, R. (2012). ‘Music, kindness, a government that listens to its people.’ From a gender perspective, to what extent does the UK Office for National Statistics approach to ‘measuring national well-being’ meet its aim? (Unpublished masters thesis). London School of Economics, London.
Kershaw, P. (2005). Carefair: Rethinking the responsibilities and rights of citizenship. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press.
Lazar, M. (2007). Feminist critical discourse analysis: Articulating a feminist discourse praxis. Critical Discourse Studies 4(2), 141-164.
Lee, R., & Doucet, A. (2016). Consuming intimacies: Bodies, labour, care and social justice. Conference call for papers, Brock University. Retrieved September 26, 2016, from https://brocku.ca/social-justice-research-institute/special-issue-calls
Lewis, H. (2015, October). Unfinished business: Women, men, work, family. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/08/unfinished-business-women-men-work-family-anne-marie-slaughter-review
Lister, R. (1997). Citizenship: Toward a feminist synthesis. Feminist Review 57, 28-48.
Lister, R. (2003). Citizenship: Feminist perspectives (2nd ed.). New York: New York University Press.
Mohanty, C. (2003). Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Mohanty, C. (2013). Transnational feminist crossings: On neoliberalism and radical critique. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 38(4), 967-991.
Nathoo, T., & Ostry, A. (2009). The one best way? Breastfeeding history, politics, and policy in Canada. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Parker, I. (2014). Mothers at large: Responsibilizing the pregnant self for the “obesity epidemic.” Fat Studies 3(2), 101-118.
Puar, J. (2007). Terrorist assemblages: Homonationalism in queer times. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Rosin, H. (2010, July/August). The end of men. The Atlantic. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-end-of-men/308135/
Rosin, H. (2012). The end of men: And the rise of women. New York: Riverhead Books.
Sandberg, S. (2010). Why we have too few women leaders. TED talk retrieved from www.ted.com/talks/sheryl_sandberg_why_we_have_too_few_women_leaders
Sandberg, S. (2013). Lean in: Women, work, and the will to lead. New York: Random House.
Schulte, B. (2014). Overwhelmed: Work, love, and play when no one has the time. London: Bloomsbury.
Schwartz, M. (2013, Summer). Kicking back, not leaning in. Dissent. Retrieved from www.dissentmagazine.org/article/kicking-back-not-leaning-in
Shoemaker, J. (2012, June 28). The new problem with no name. Centre for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved from http://csis.org/publication/new-problem-no-name
Slaughter, A-M. (2012, July/August). Why women still can’t have it all. The Atlantic. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/07/why-women-still-cant-have-it-all/309020/
Slaughter, A-M. (2015). Unfinished business: Women, men, work, family. London: Oneworld Publications.
Smith, K. (2014). The ups and downs of women’s employment: Shifting composition of behavior from 1970-2010? Upjohn Institute Working Papers, 14-211. Retrieved from http://research.upjohn.org/up_workingpapers/211/
Stone, P. (2008). Opting out: Why women really quit their careers and head home. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Thobani, S. (2007). Exalted subjects: Studies in the making of race and nation in Canada. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
Todd, D. (2013a, August 8). High birthrate among immigrant women has implications for Canada. Vancouver Sun. Retrieved November 27, 2013, from www.vancouversun.com/life/High+birthrate+among+immigrant+women+implications+Canada/8766093/story.html
Todd, D. (2013b, September 4). If White Americans don’t start having babies, the US will vanish by 2011. New Observer. Retrieved November 27, 2013, from http://newobserveronline.com/if-white-americans-dont-start-having-babies-now-the-us-will-vanish-by-2100/
Tronto, J. (1993). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. New York: Routledge.
Tronto, J. (2013). Caring democracy: Markets, equality, and justice. New York: New York University Press.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2001, October). “Fertility of American women: June 2000.” Retrieved from www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p20-543rv.pdf
Veenhoven, R. (1991). Questions on happiness: Classical topics, modern answers, blind spots. In F. Strack, M. Argyle, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 7-26). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Villalobos, A. (2014). The motherload: Making it all better in insecure times. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Vosko, L. (2010). Managing the margins: Gender, citizenship, and the international regulation of precarious employment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wallis, C. (2004, March 22). The case for staying home. Time. Retrieved from http://academics.wellesley.edu/Polisci/Han/Pol199/Syllabus/Moms_Staying_Home.pdf
Walsh, J. (2002, April 23). The baby panic. Salon. Retrieved July 4, 2014, from www.salon.com/2002/04/23/hewlett_book/
Warner, J. (2005). Perfect madness: Motherhood in the age of anxiety. New York: Penguin.
Warner, J. (2013, August 7). The opt-out generation wants back in. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2013/08/11/magazine/the-opt-out-generation-wants-back-in.html?pagewanted=all
Watson, A. (2016). Accumulating cares: Women, whiteness, and the affective labour of responsible reproduction in neoliberal times (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Ottawa, Canada.
Williams, F. (2006). Care work. In T. Fitzpatrick, H. Kwon, N. Manning, J. Midgely, & G. Pascall (Eds.), International encyclopedia of social policy (pp. 103-106). London: Routledge.
Williams, J. (2000). Unbending gender: Why family and work conflict and what to do about it. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williams, J. (2012). Reshaping the family-work debate. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wolf, J. (2010). Is breast best? Taking on the breastfeeding experts and the new high stakes of motherhood. New York: New York University Press.
Yuval-Davis, N. (1997). Gender and nation. London: Sage.
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2016-12-19
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Consuming Intimacies: Bodies, Labour, Care, and Social Justice
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