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A further allusion in the Eumenides to the Panathenaia
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009
Extract
Allusions to the Panathenaia 1 in the final scene of the Eumenides have been pointed out by a number of scholars.2 Headlam identified the red robes of the Eumenides (
, E. 1028) with the cloaks worn by the Metics in the Panathenaic procession.3 In Athena's pronouncement at 1030–1
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References
1 Some recent studies of the Panathenaia: Pritchett W. K., ‘The 
of the Panathenaia’, in 
E.
[Mylonas]
ii. (Athens, 1987), pp. 179–88;Robertson, N., ‘The Origin of the Panathenaia’ RhM 128 (1985), 231–95;Google ScholarNorman, N. J., ‘The Panathenaic Ship’, ArchN 12 (1983), 41–6;Google ScholarLewis, D. W., ‘Athena's Robe’, SCI 5 (1979–1980), 28–9;Google ScholarParke, H. W., Festivals of the Athenians (London, 1977), pp.33–50;Google ScholarMikalson, J. D., ‘Erechtheus and the Panathenaia’, AJP 97 (1976), 141–53;idem, The Sacred and Civil Calendar of the Athenian Year (Princeton, 1975)Google Scholar
2 For a list of principal contributors to this line of inquiry, see Bowie, A. W., ’Religion and Politics in Aeschylus’ Oresteia', CQ 43 (1993), 10–31, at p. 27.Google Scholar
3 Headlam, W. G., ‘The Last Scene of the Eumenides’, JHS 26 (1906), 268–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Thomson, G. and Headlam, W. G., The Oresteia of Aeschylus (Cambridge, 1938), pp. 232, 315–19.Google Scholar
4 Hsch., s.v.
878 (IV, p. 40 Schmidt).
5 [Andoc] Alcib. 42 (Headlam, op. cit. [n. 3], p. 274).
6 Mommsen, A., Heortologie: antiquarische Untersuchungen über die städtischen Feste der Athener (Leipzig, 1864), p.171.Google Scholar
7 Headlam, op. cit. (n. 3), pp. 274–275.
8 See Pritchett, op. cit. (n. 1), pp. 179–188, for a review of the attempts to place the 
within the sequence of events at the Panathenaia, as well as an argument for the view that the 
followed the procession.
9 Headlam, op. cit. (n. 3), p. 275; Mommsen, op. cit. (n. 6), p. 171;IG ii 2 334.30.
10 Bowie, op. cit. (n. 2), pp. 27–30.
11 Mommsen, op. cit. (n. 6), pp. 18, 171.
12 The Areopagus council tried homicide cases only on ‘accursed days’ (
). The Panathenaia, because it was a festival celebrating renewal and restoration, would not have been held on a day that was 
. Greek cultic practice took care to draw boundaries between the two institutions which are coincident in the myth of foundation dramatized in the Oresteia. See Mikalson D., op. cit. (n. 1), p. 23; idem, “
”, AJP 96 (1975), 19–27.
13 The main events of the Panathenaia, including the major procession from the Kerameikos, probably took place on the twenty-eighth day of the month of Hecatombion (Poll. 8.117; see Mommsen, op. cit. (n. 6), pp. 18, 171;Deubner, L., Attische Feste, ed.Doer, B., 2nd ed. [Berlin, 1966], pp.24–5). On the scheduling of the homicide trials, see Mommsen, op. cit. (n. 6), pp. 18, 171.Google Scholar
14 Mikalson, op. cit. (n. 1), pp. 106–7, 188.Rinck, W. F., Die Religion der Hellenen (Zurich, 1855), pp.233–4, had observed correctly that festivals were generally not held during the twentyseventh, twenty-eighth, and twenty-ninth days of the month, but recognized that the Panathenaia would constitute an exception to this general rule. Concluding that Proclus or his sources had made a mistake in his statement that the main events of the Panathenaia occurred on the 28th of the month (
In Ti. 1.26), Rinck suggested emending 
to 
, a remedy which is surely too drastic and has not been accepted.Google Scholar
15 Mikalson, op. cit. (n. 1), p. 188.
16 The dramatized procession and the historical procession seem to show certain other parallel associations with the Areopagus. The historical procession, like its dramatized counterpart, may have originated on or near the Areopagus. Mommsen, op. cit. (n. 6), pp. 18, 171, argued that the all night festival generally thought to precede immediately the main procession of the Panathenaia, the 
[though see Pritchett, op. cit. (n. 1), 179–88], took place on the Areopagus. Pausanias (1.29.1) mentions that the cart which bore the 
in the historical procession was stored near the Areopagus for tourists to see.
17 See note 12 above.
18 Sommer, A. H., Aeschylus: Eumenides (Cambridge, 1989), p.11, points out that Aeschylus is probably innovating here in linking Furies with 
.Google Scholar
19 
(Paus. 1.28.6). See Sommerstein, pp. 10–11.
20 Three as the traditional number of the Furies: Schol. in Aeschin. 1.188 
; Pol. Fr. 41 (Muller K., FHG iii. 108); see Preller-Robert i. 837.
21 I would like to thank Heinrich von Staden, A.Thomas Cole, JohnDugan and Brian Fuchs for their helpful suggestions and criticisms.
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