Journal of the History of Philosophy

458 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY or PHILOSOPHY 3X:3 JULY I993 the starting points and are not themselves discovered in the process of division, nor are they syllogistic premises. The definitions are apprehended by perception (etio0~o~g), memory (l~v~tTI)and intuition (vogg), that is, "by the process of general concept formation , which is available to all humans" (48). They are deployed on a field of inquiry which will reveal any given subject-genus as "a hierarchy whose constituent necessary, immediate connections are expressed by (and so give rise to) the ultimate atomic premises of the demonstrative syllogism-chains within the science which studies that genus" (36). Part Two is about the explanatory context of demonstrations and the kind of connections Aristotle permits between terms. Ferejohn uses parts of the Categoriesand the Topics as well as the Analytics when he considers the different types of predication. He concludes that definitional predications may occur as demonstrative premises; that predications of differentiae, of properties and of for-the-most-part truths may occur as demonstrative conclusions. Negative predications are permissible provided that a genus is sufficiently specific "that all the terms, negative and positive, employed in demonstrations conducted within it have determinate meanings" (t 38). The book is well argued, and in true Aristotelian style Ferejohn considers the views of his predecessors and contemporaries. The lack of an index of Aristotelian passages cited is a pity, but could presumably be remedied in a further edition. NOREZN Fox University of Liverpool Malcolm Schofield. The Stoic Idea of the City. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. xii + 164. Cloth, $44.95. Stoic political theory has suffered from success. So pervasive was its influence in antiquity that its original forms have been obscured by diffusion. No strictly Stoic treatise on politics survives, and attempts to recover a consistent picture from the extant reports have been largely disappointing. But in a characteristically sophisticated new study that combines meticulous scholarship with subtle analysis, Malcolm Schofield has improved the picture immensely. Eschewing speculation about vague sociopolitical factors, he focuses squarely on philosophical issues, and by analyzing the ancient debates closely, he reconstructs the most elaborate and convincing picture of early Stoic political theory to date. In four concise chapters of scarcely a hundred pages, he traces the contours first of the radical civic reforms envisaged in Zeno's Republic, then of the cosmopolitan vision of universal natural law developed by Chrysippus; and in eight appendices of another forty pages, he examines a host of narrower problems minutely. Graced with abundant translations of uncommon fluency and precision, the book is at once a top-notch contribution to the history of Hellenistic philosophy and a stimulating, albeit demanding introduction to Stoic political thought. While not the definitive work on the subject, it should be the starting point of discussion for years to come. Alert to the distorting effects of fragmentary evidence, Schofield begins by examin- BOOK REVIEWS 459 ing the testimony of Zeno's Republic? In a tour de force of doxographical sleuthing, he shows that most of this evidence bears the stamp of sceptical critique. The implication, which he refrains from stating explicitly, is that its distinctly Cynic tenor is the result of later efforts to convict the Stoics of inconsistency, hence quite likely misleading. Building on Baldry's work, z he argues convincingly that Zeno's tract was neither "antinomian " nor "revisionist": unlike the Cynics with whom he consorted at first, Zeno went beyond iconoclasm to advance a positive ideal of civil society; and contrary to the view of many scholars, he did not redefine the very concept of the polls by giving it an attenuated sense applicable to a scattered lnternationale of sages. Schofield situates him instead squarely in the classical tradition of political philosophy, more radical in many of his proposals, but advocating civic reforms, not the entire abolition of cities. His Repub//c dispensed with many of the central institutions of contemporary civic life, from temples and courts to coinage and marriage; but stopping short of the ecumenical vision often ascribed to him, Zeno elaborated an ideal of stable community which emphasized social solidarity under the far from revolutionary banner Of concord...