Semantics : Primes and Universals: Primes and Universals

Front Cover
Oxford University Press, UK, Mar 28, 1996 - 512 pages
This book provides a synthesis of Wierzbicka's theory of meaning, which is based on conceptual primitives and semantic universals, using empirical findings from a wide range of languages. While addressed primarily to linguists, the book deals with highly topical and controversial issues of central importance to several disciplines, including anthropology, psychology, and philosophy. - ;Conceptual primitives and semantic universals are the cornerstones of a semantic theory which Anna Wierzbicka has been developing for many years. Semantics: Primes and Universals is a major synthesis of her work, presenting a full and systematic exposition of that theory in a non-technical and readable way. It delineates a full set of universal concepts, as they have emerged from large-scale investigations across a wide range of languages undertaken by the author and her colleagues. On the basis of empirical cross-linguistic studies it vindicates the old notion of the 'psychic unity of mankind', while at the same time offering a framework for the rigorous description of different languages and cultures. - ;A major synthesis of Anna Wierzbicka's work -
 

Contents

Introduction
3
Semantics Culture and Cognition Cognitive
6
Semantic Primitives or Primes
9
Lexical Universals
13
Innate Concepts and Language Acquisition
16
The Universal Syntax of Meaning
19
The Natural Semantic Metalanguage NSM
22
Semantic Invariants
24
Macrowhite and Macroblack
318
Macrored and Grue
322
Names of Mixed Colours
325
Brown
327
Names of Specific Locally Salient Referents
329
Chromatology Cognition and Culture
330
The Semantics of Natural Kinds
335
Abstract Concepts and Concrete Concepts
337

Methodological Issues
25
Past Present and Future of NSM Semantic Theory
31
A Survey of Semantic Primitives
35
I YOU SOMEONE SOMETHING PEOPLE
36
THIS THE SAME OTHER
42
ONE TWO MANY MUCH ALL
44
THINK KNOW WANT FEEL
48
SAY
50
GOOD and BAD
51
BIG and SMALL
54
WHEN BEFORE AFTER
56
WHERE UNDER ABOVE
58
PART OF and KIND OF
60
NOT CAN VERY
64
IF BECAUSE LIKE
68
B NEW PRIMITIVES
73
SOME and MORE
74
SEE and HEAR
78
MOVE THERE IS LIVE
82
How to Draw the Line In Philip Davis ed
98
Prototypes and Invariants
148
A Semantic Basis for Grammatical Typology In Werner Abraham Talmy Givon
179
Semantics and Primitive Thought
184
Semantic Complexity and the Role of Ostension in
211
Against Against Definitions
237
Semantics and Lexicography
258
Saying Something that is not True
260
Saying Something that is Superfluous
261
Confusing Meaning with Knowledge
262
Definitions which are too Broad
263
Capturing the Invariant
264
Standing Firmly on the Ground of Discreteness
267
Distinguishing Polysemy from Vagueness
270
Avoiding Circularity
274
Relying on Indefinables
278
Using Simple Language
282
Exploring New Models of Definition
283
Conclusion
286
The Meaning of Colour Terms and the Universals of Seeing
287
Meaning and Scientific Knowledge
290
Meaning and Colour Charts
294
Meaning and Psychological Reality
297
Colour Terms as Quotations
298
Black and White Dark and Light
301
Green gwyrdd Welsh latuy Hanunóo
306
Blue niebieski Polish goluboj and sinij Russian aoi Japanese and fáa Thai
309
Red and Yellow
314
Scientific Knowledge versus Everyday Knowledge
338
Folk Mice versus Scientific Mice
340
The Evidence for the Folk Concept
344
General Discussion
347
Conclusion
349
Semantics and Ethnobiology
351
Tools and Methods
353
Types of Linguistic Evidence
355
Life Forms in English Folk Zoology
358
Are there Monogeneric Life Forms?
360
Life Forms in English Folk Botany
361
Polytypic Genera
365
Gestalts and Distinctive Features
366
Hidden Natures and Proper Names
367
Similar or Radically Different?
370
Conclusion
374
THE SEMANTICS OF GRAMMAR
377
Semantic Rules in Grammar
379
The Past Practice
381
Dual Nouns and Absolute Predictiveness
383
Evidence for Different Conceptualizations
386
The Mystery of Scales
387
Predictiveness and Different Languages
390
Different Cultures Different Conceptualizations
395
The Semantics of Gender
397
The Unconscious Character of Semantic Rules
399
Conclusion
400
Transitivity and Reflexives
402
The Uniqueness of Grammatical and Semantic Systems
404
Typology and Semantics
407
Reflexive Constructions
409
Transitive Constructions
420
Conclusion
425
The Semantics of Evidentials
427
Kashaya
428
Quechua
434
Wintu
439
Maricopa
446
Bulgarian and Macedonian
451
Conclusion
456
A Summary of the Formulae
457
References
459
The Meaning of Evidentials in a Crosslinguistic
463
Semantic Primitives and Semantic Fields
468
Index
488
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