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Fiyat Arttırma ve Negatif Dengeleme Stratejileri Ekseninde Çin’in Körfez ve Suudi Arabistan Siyaseti

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 182 - 205, 15.04.2023

Hüsna Taş Yetim

https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.1242590

Öz

Çin, son dönemlerde Körfez Bölgesine yönelik izlediği aktif politika, Çin Devlet Başkanı Xi Jipping’in (Şi Cinping), 7-9 Aralık 2022 tarihinde Körfez’e gerçekleştirdiği kapsamlı ziyaretle birlikte daha fazla dinamizm kazanmıştır. Bu ziyareti takiben yapılan analizler Çin’in, Körfez açılımını ABD’nin bölgesel hegemonyasını zayıflatmaya yönelik bir girişim olarak değerlendirmektedirler. Aynı ziyaret sırasında Pekin ve Riyad yönetimleri arasında imzalanan kapsamlı anlaşmalar ise ABD’nin Körfezdeki uzun erimli güvenlik partneri Suudi Arabistan’a ilişkin “eksen kayması” tartışmalarını başlattı. Bu çalışma güncelliğini koruyan iki tartışmanın kapsamlı bir muhakemesini yapmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla uluslararası ilişkiler disiplinin son dönem fenomen teorisi olan hiyerarşinin ilgili argümanları kullanılmaktadır. Bu teorik çerçeveden hareketle, çalışmada ilk olarak Çin’in Körfez siyasetini şekillendiren stratejilerin fiyat arttırma (oubidding) ve negatif dengeleme (negative balancing) olduğu ve bu stratejilerin Körfez Bölgesi ülkeleri açısından yeni imkânlar yarattığı tespitinde bulunulmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra Suudi Arabistan’ın, Çin ile gelişen ikili ilişkilerini hâlihazırda ABD ile sürdürmekte olduğu ilişkisine bir alternatif olarak görmediği, aksine Çin’in bahsi geçen stratejilerinden maksimum kazanım elde ederek otonomisini arttırmaya çalıştığı ayrıca belirtiliyor.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin enerji güvenliği Körfez hiyerarşi negatif dengeleme ve fiyat arttırma stratejileri Suudi Arabistan

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

Sayın hocam; Çalışmaya göstereceğiniz ilgi için şimdiden çok teşekkür ediyorum. Çalışma daha önce başka bir dergiye gönderilmek için o derginin ilgili şablonu doğrultusunda hazırlandı ancak belirli nedenlerden dolayı tekrar geri çekildi ilgili dergiden. Bu nedenle çalışmanın benzerlik oranının yer aldığı ilgili metin söz konusu derginin şablonunu içermektedir. Bir daha benzerlik taraması yapmak yüzde yüze yakın oran verdiği için anlayışınıza sığınarak bu haliyle göndermek durumunda kaldığımı belirtmek isterim. Saygılarımla...

Kaynakça

  • Acar, Necmettin. “İran-Suudi Arabistan Rekabeti Karşısında Çin Dış Politikası”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 9/1, (2022a), 187-216. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1969974
  • Acar, Necmettin. “Suudi Arabistan’ın İran’ı Dengeleme Politikasının Değişimi”. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi 6/2 (2022b), 173-202. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2753267
  • Erslev Andersen, Lars; Jiang, Yang. Is China challenging the US in the Persian Gulf? Oil, security, and politics. DIIS Report, 2014.
  • Anderson, Irvine H. Aramco, the United States, and Saudi Arabia. Princeton: Legacy Library, 2014.
  • Baxter, Kylie, and Kumuda Simpson. “The United States and Saudi Arabia through the Arab Uprisings”. Global Change, Peace and Security 27/2 (2015), 139-151. Erişim 1 Ocak 2023. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14781158.2015.1019845
  • Bishara, Marwan. “China, the US and a new scramble for the Gulf”. Erişim 1 Ocak 2023. Erişim 26 Aralık 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/12/7/china-the-us-and-a-new-scramble-for-the-gulf
  • Butt, Ahsan I. “Anarchy and Hierarchy in International Relations: Examining South America’s War-Prone Decade, 1932–41”. International Organization 67/3 (2013), 575-607. Erişim 25 Aralık 2022. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E8BE7A3F35EF91D184BD702036829FFD/S0020818313000155a.
  • Cengiz, Sinem. “Saudi foreign policy towards China in the Post-Arab uprisings era: a neo-classical realist approach”. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 14/1 (2020), 51-67. Erişim 26 Aralık 2022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/25765949.2020.1728971?casa_token=hGi15og6wCcAAAAA:LpX4i.
  • Clark, Ian. “How hierarchical can international society be?.” International Relations 23/3 (2009), 464-480. Erişim 27 Aralık 2022. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203833964-28/hierarchical-international-society-ian-clark.
  • Colgan, Jeff. D., - Miller, Nicolas. L. “Rival hierarchies and the origins of nuclear technology sharing.” International Studies Quarterly 63/2 (2019), 310-321. Erişim 27 Aralık 2022. https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=c7a7abe1-f7f5-4900-9628-0954b3819351%40redis.
  • Colgan, Jeff. D., - Miller, Nicolas. L. “The Rewards of Rivalry: US-Chinese Competition Can Spur Climate Progress”. Foreign Affairs (2022), 101- 108. Erişim 28 Aralık 2022. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora101&div=148&id=&page=.
  • Cooley, Alexander, - Daniel Nexon. Exit from hegemony: The unraveling of the American global order. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2020.
  • Cordesman, Anthony H. “China in the Gulf: A New Partnership with Iran?”. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2020. Erişim 27 Aralık 2022. http://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/200715_China_in_the_Gulf.pdf.
  • Domazeti, Riad. “Suudi Arabistan-ABD İlişkileri”. İnsamer Analiz 20 (2017), 8. Erişim 2 Ocak 2023. https://www.insamer.com/tr/uploads/pdf/rapor-suudi-arabistan-abd-iliskileri.pdf.
  • Dunne, Tim. “Society and hierarchy in international relations". International Relations 17/3 (2003), 303-320. Erişim 21 Aralık 2022. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00471178030173004.
  • Figueroa, William. “Xi Jinping’s Trip to Riyadh Is About More Than Saudi-US Relations”. The Diplomat (10 December 2022). https://thediplomat.com/2022/12/xi-jinpings-trip-to-riyadh-is-about-more-than-saudi-us-relations/.
  • Foot, Rosemary. “Chinese strategies in a US-hegemonic global order: accommodating and hedging”. International Affairs 82/1 (2006), 77-94. Erişim 10 Aralık 2022. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.
  • Fulton, Jonathan. “China in the Persian Gulf: Hedging under the US umbrella”. Routledge Handbook Of Persian Gulf Politics. Routledge, 2020. 492-505.
  • Goh, Evelyn. The struggle for order: Hegemony, hierarchy, and transition in post-Cold War East Asia. The United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Goh, Evelyn. Rising China’s influence in developing Asia. The United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Goh, Evelyn. “Contesting Hegemonic Order: China in East Asia”. Security Studies 28/3 (2019), 614-644. Erişim 11 Aralık 2022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09636412.2019.1604989?needAccess=true&role=button.
  • He, Kai. “Undermining adversaries: Unipolarity, threat perception, and negative balancing strategies after the Cold War”. Security Studies 21/2 (2012), 154-191. Erişim 12 Aralık 2022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09636412.2012.679201.
  • Ikenberry, G. John. Liberal Leviathan. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2011.
  • Ji, Qiang, Hai-Ying Zhang, - Dayong Zhang. “The impact of OPEC on East Asian oil import security: A multidimensional analysis”. Energy policy 126 (2019), 99-107. Erişim 15 Aralık 2022. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142151830742.
  • Kang, David C. “The theoretical roots of hierarchy in international relations”. Australian Journal of International Affairs 58/3 (2004), 337-352. Erişim 15 Kasım 2022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1035771042000260110.
  • Korkmaz, Hüseyin. “Çok Kutuplu Dünya’da Riskten Kaçınmak: Suudi Arabistan’ın Çin Perspektifi”. (18 Aralık 2022). https://tasam.org/tr-tr/Yazar/15151/dr-huseyin-korkmaz.
  • Kuteleva, Anna. China’s Energy Security and Relations with Petrostates: Oil as an Idea. London: Routledge, 2021.
  • Lacroix, Stéphane. Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia. The United Sates: Harvard University Press, 2011.
  • Lake, David. A. Hierarchy in International Relations. Ithaca-New York: Cornell University Press, 2009.
  • Mattern, Janice Bially, - Ayşe Zarakol. “Hierarchies in World Politics”. International Organization 70/3 (2016), 623-654. Erişim 11 Kasım 2022. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D1AD62448A511832A052093BA6F92A3A/S0020818316000126a.
  • Matthiesen, Toby. “A” Saudi Spring?”: The Shi’a Protest Movement in the Eastern Province 2011–2012”. The Middle East Journal 66/4 (2012), 628-659. Erişim 28 Kasım 2022. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23361621.
  • Matsuda, Yasuhiro. “Engagement and Hedging”. The SAIS Review of International Affairs 32/2 (2012), 109-119. Erişim 28 Kasım 2022. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27000901.
  • Ottaway, David. “The King and us: US-Saudi relations in the wake of 9/11”. Foreign Affairs 88 (2009), 121. Erişim 5 Kasım 2022. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20699567.
  • Pollack, Josh. “Saudi Arabia and the United States, 1931-2002”. Middle East Review of International Affairs 6/3 (2002), 77-102. Erişim 18 Aralık 2022. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-30175-0_13.
  • Salacanin, Stasa. “The Gulf States and US-China Rivalry: Hedging Their Bets”. Inside Arabia (23 February 2022). https://insidearabia.com/the-gulf-states-and-us-china-rivalry-hedging-their-bets.
  • The Financial Times. “Gulf Arab states draw closer to China as Xi visits Riyadh”. (10 December 2022). https://www.ft.com/content/ed8734cd-1866-4b28-82c8-367ad6a85b21.
  • The New York Times. “China to Cooperate With Gulf Nations on Nuclear Energy and Space, Xi Says”. (9 December 2022). https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/09/world/middleeast/china-saudi-arabia-gulf-summit.html.
  • Tüfekçi, Zeynep Gülay - Hacer Başer. “Ortadoğu Çin için Vazgeçilmez bir Enerji Kaynağı”. Anadolu Ajansı (7 Aralık 2022). https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/orta-dogu-cin-icin-vazgecilmez-bir-enerji-kaynagi/2757682.
  • Voelsen, Daniel, - Leon Valentin Schettler. “International Political Authority: on the Meaning and Scope of Justified Hierarchy in International Relations”. International Relations 33/4 (2019), 540-562. Erişim 20 Aralık 2022.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0047117819856396
  • Walt, Stephen M. Taming American power: the global response to US primacy. WW Norton & Company, 2006.
  • Zarakol, Ayşe. Hierarchies in World Politics. The United States: Cambridge University Press, 2017.

China’s Gulf And Saudi Arabia Policy On The Context Of Outbidding And Negatıve Balancing Strategies

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 182 - 205, 15.04.2023

Hüsna Taş Yetim

https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.1242590

Öz

China’s active policy towards the Gulf Region has gained more dynamism recently with the comprehensive visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping to the Gulf on December 7-9, 2022. President Xi Jinping’s comprehensive Gulf visit on December 7-9, 2022, revitalized China’s Gulf strategy. Following analyses view China’s Gulf strategy as an attempt to weaken US regional hegemony. The Beijing and Riyadh administrations’ comprehensive agreements signed in the same visit generated questions about the “axis shift” surrounding Saudi Arabia, the US’s longtime Gulf security ally. This study uses hierarchy theory, a new phenomenon in international relations, to explain the two current debates. This theoretical framework shows that outbidding and negative balancin strategies drive China’s Gulf policies which offer Gulf countries alternative opportunities. It further argues that Saudi Arabia is seeking autonomy via maximizing profits from its growing bilateral contacts with China, not replacing its hierarchic relationship with the US.

Anahtar Kelimeler

China energy security Gulf hierarchy negatif balancing and outbidding strategies Saudi Arabia

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • Acar, Necmettin. “İran-Suudi Arabistan Rekabeti Karşısında Çin Dış Politikası”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 9/1, (2022a), 187-216. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1969974
  • Acar, Necmettin. “Suudi Arabistan’ın İran’ı Dengeleme Politikasının Değişimi”. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi 6/2 (2022b), 173-202. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2753267
  • Erslev Andersen, Lars; Jiang, Yang. Is China challenging the US in the Persian Gulf? Oil, security, and politics. DIIS Report, 2014.
  • Anderson, Irvine H. Aramco, the United States, and Saudi Arabia. Princeton: Legacy Library, 2014.
  • Baxter, Kylie, and Kumuda Simpson. “The United States and Saudi Arabia through the Arab Uprisings”. Global Change, Peace and Security 27/2 (2015), 139-151. Erişim 1 Ocak 2023. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14781158.2015.1019845
  • Bishara, Marwan. “China, the US and a new scramble for the Gulf”. Erişim 1 Ocak 2023. Erişim 26 Aralık 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/12/7/china-the-us-and-a-new-scramble-for-the-gulf
  • Butt, Ahsan I. “Anarchy and Hierarchy in International Relations: Examining South America’s War-Prone Decade, 1932–41”. International Organization 67/3 (2013), 575-607. Erişim 25 Aralık 2022. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E8BE7A3F35EF91D184BD702036829FFD/S0020818313000155a.
  • Cengiz, Sinem. “Saudi foreign policy towards China in the Post-Arab uprisings era: a neo-classical realist approach”. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 14/1 (2020), 51-67. Erişim 26 Aralık 2022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/25765949.2020.1728971?casa_token=hGi15og6wCcAAAAA:LpX4i.
  • Clark, Ian. “How hierarchical can international society be?.” International Relations 23/3 (2009), 464-480. Erişim 27 Aralık 2022. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203833964-28/hierarchical-international-society-ian-clark.
  • Colgan, Jeff. D., - Miller, Nicolas. L. “Rival hierarchies and the origins of nuclear technology sharing.” International Studies Quarterly 63/2 (2019), 310-321. Erişim 27 Aralık 2022. https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=c7a7abe1-f7f5-4900-9628-0954b3819351%40redis.
  • Colgan, Jeff. D., - Miller, Nicolas. L. “The Rewards of Rivalry: US-Chinese Competition Can Spur Climate Progress”. Foreign Affairs (2022), 101- 108. Erişim 28 Aralık 2022. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora101&div=148&id=&page=.
  • Cooley, Alexander, - Daniel Nexon. Exit from hegemony: The unraveling of the American global order. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2020.
  • Cordesman, Anthony H. “China in the Gulf: A New Partnership with Iran?”. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2020. Erişim 27 Aralık 2022. http://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/200715_China_in_the_Gulf.pdf.
  • Domazeti, Riad. “Suudi Arabistan-ABD İlişkileri”. İnsamer Analiz 20 (2017), 8. Erişim 2 Ocak 2023. https://www.insamer.com/tr/uploads/pdf/rapor-suudi-arabistan-abd-iliskileri.pdf.
  • Dunne, Tim. “Society and hierarchy in international relations". International Relations 17/3 (2003), 303-320. Erişim 21 Aralık 2022. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00471178030173004.
  • Figueroa, William. “Xi Jinping’s Trip to Riyadh Is About More Than Saudi-US Relations”. The Diplomat (10 December 2022). https://thediplomat.com/2022/12/xi-jinpings-trip-to-riyadh-is-about-more-than-saudi-us-relations/.
  • Foot, Rosemary. “Chinese strategies in a US-hegemonic global order: accommodating and hedging”. International Affairs 82/1 (2006), 77-94. Erişim 10 Aralık 2022. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.
  • Fulton, Jonathan. “China in the Persian Gulf: Hedging under the US umbrella”. Routledge Handbook Of Persian Gulf Politics. Routledge, 2020. 492-505.
  • Goh, Evelyn. The struggle for order: Hegemony, hierarchy, and transition in post-Cold War East Asia. The United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Goh, Evelyn. Rising China’s influence in developing Asia. The United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Goh, Evelyn. “Contesting Hegemonic Order: China in East Asia”. Security Studies 28/3 (2019), 614-644. Erişim 11 Aralık 2022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09636412.2019.1604989?needAccess=true&role=button.
  • He, Kai. “Undermining adversaries: Unipolarity, threat perception, and negative balancing strategies after the Cold War”. Security Studies 21/2 (2012), 154-191. Erişim 12 Aralık 2022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09636412.2012.679201.
  • Ikenberry, G. John. Liberal Leviathan. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2011.
  • Ji, Qiang, Hai-Ying Zhang, - Dayong Zhang. “The impact of OPEC on East Asian oil import security: A multidimensional analysis”. Energy policy 126 (2019), 99-107. Erişim 15 Aralık 2022. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142151830742.
  • Kang, David C. “The theoretical roots of hierarchy in international relations”. Australian Journal of International Affairs 58/3 (2004), 337-352. Erişim 15 Kasım 2022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1035771042000260110.
  • Korkmaz, Hüseyin. “Çok Kutuplu Dünya’da Riskten Kaçınmak: Suudi Arabistan’ın Çin Perspektifi”. (18 Aralık 2022). https://tasam.org/tr-tr/Yazar/15151/dr-huseyin-korkmaz.
  • Kuteleva, Anna. China’s Energy Security and Relations with Petrostates: Oil as an Idea. London: Routledge, 2021.
  • Lacroix, Stéphane. Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia. The United Sates: Harvard University Press, 2011.
  • Lake, David. A. Hierarchy in International Relations. Ithaca-New York: Cornell University Press, 2009.
  • Mattern, Janice Bially, - Ayşe Zarakol. “Hierarchies in World Politics”. International Organization 70/3 (2016), 623-654. Erişim 11 Kasım 2022. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D1AD62448A511832A052093BA6F92A3A/S0020818316000126a.
  • Matthiesen, Toby. “A” Saudi Spring?”: The Shi’a Protest Movement in the Eastern Province 2011–2012”. The Middle East Journal 66/4 (2012), 628-659. Erişim 28 Kasım 2022. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23361621.
  • Matsuda, Yasuhiro. “Engagement and Hedging”. The SAIS Review of International Affairs 32/2 (2012), 109-119. Erişim 28 Kasım 2022. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27000901.
  • Ottaway, David. “The King and us: US-Saudi relations in the wake of 9/11”. Foreign Affairs 88 (2009), 121. Erişim 5 Kasım 2022. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20699567.
  • Pollack, Josh. “Saudi Arabia and the United States, 1931-2002”. Middle East Review of International Affairs 6/3 (2002), 77-102. Erişim 18 Aralık 2022. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-30175-0_13.
  • Salacanin, Stasa. “The Gulf States and US-China Rivalry: Hedging Their Bets”. Inside Arabia (23 February 2022). https://insidearabia.com/the-gulf-states-and-us-china-rivalry-hedging-their-bets.
  • The Financial Times. “Gulf Arab states draw closer to China as Xi visits Riyadh”. (10 December 2022). https://www.ft.com/content/ed8734cd-1866-4b28-82c8-367ad6a85b21.
  • The New York Times. “China to Cooperate With Gulf Nations on Nuclear Energy and Space, Xi Says”. (9 December 2022). https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/09/world/middleeast/china-saudi-arabia-gulf-summit.html.
  • Tüfekçi, Zeynep Gülay - Hacer Başer. “Ortadoğu Çin için Vazgeçilmez bir Enerji Kaynağı”. Anadolu Ajansı (7 Aralık 2022). https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/orta-dogu-cin-icin-vazgecilmez-bir-enerji-kaynagi/2757682.
  • Voelsen, Daniel, - Leon Valentin Schettler. “International Political Authority: on the Meaning and Scope of Justified Hierarchy in International Relations”. International Relations 33/4 (2019), 540-562. Erişim 20 Aralık 2022.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0047117819856396
  • Walt, Stephen M. Taming American power: the global response to US primacy. WW Norton & Company, 2006.
  • Zarakol, Ayşe. Hierarchies in World Politics. The United States: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hüsna Taş Yetim 0000-0002-8581-0656

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Taş Yetim, H. (2023). Fiyat Arttırma ve Negatif Dengeleme Stratejileri Ekseninde Çin’in Körfez ve Suudi Arabistan Siyaseti. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 18(1), 182-205. https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.1242590
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