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  1.  17
    Concept Representation and the Geometric Model of Mind.Włodzisław Duch - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):151-167.
    Current cognitive architectures are either working at the abstract, symbolic level, or the low, emergent level related to neural modeling. The best way to understand phenomena is to see, or imagine them, hence the need for a geometric model of mental processes. Geometric models should be based on an intermediate level of modeling that describe mental states in terms of features relevant from the first-person perspective but also linked to neural events. Concepts should be represented as geometrical objects that have (...)
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  2.  10
    Reasoning with Expectations About Causal Relations.Peter Gärdenfors - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):201-217.
    Reasoning is not just following logical rules, but a large part of human reasoning depends on our expectations about the world. To some extent, non-monotonic logic has been developed to account for the role of expectations. In this article, the focus is on expectations based on actions and their consequences. The analysis is based on a two-vector model of events where an event is represented in terms of two main components – the force of an action that drives the event, (...)
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  3.  1
    The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Subnational Finance: Polish Experience.Małgorzata Gałecka & Leszek Patrzałek - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):499-516.
    In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide established various mechanisms to facilitate the pandemic response and ensure the state’s functioning. As a consequence, the economic impact of the COVID-19 crisis varies in countries, depending on the region. We are looking for answers to research questions: how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the finances of local government institutions in 2020–2021; Is it possible to distinguish the types of units where this impact was greater or smaller, and whether and how the (...)
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  4.  2
    On the Productivity of the Prefixal Reinforcer Arcy- ‘Arch-’ in Polish: A Diachronic Corpus Perspective.Damian Herda - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):31-44.
    Although typically realized by free items, degree modification has a number of morphological exponents in Polish, including the neoclassical prefix arcy-, which, while originally attaching to profession-denoting nouns with a view to indicating a higher rank in a hierarchy, has come to perform the function of reinforcement in conjunction with adjectival bases. Since the scarce previous research concerned with the aforementioned prefixal reinforcer builds only on lexicographic material, this paper offers a quantitative, corpus-based account of the productivity of the formative (...)
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  5.  2
    The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Finances of Spain and Poland in the Period 2020–2021: Historic and Economic Perspective. [REVIEW]Joanna Jaroszyk & Paweł Grata - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):355-374.
    The conclusion emerging from the analysis on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public finances in Spain and in Poland in the years 2020–2021 shows that the effects should be considered in the short-term and long-term perspectives. The short-term perspective is featured by deterioration of the budget condition and the public debt ratio of both countries in the first year of the pandemic, and an improvement of the situation in 2021. The effects of the pandemic for public finances were (...)
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  6.  6
    Public Finance in Poland in a COVID Fog: A Look Through the Lens of Fiscal Transparency and Accountability.Maria Jastrzębska - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):375-396.
    Goal – The aim of the article is to identify dysfunctional phenomena (implementation of specific mechanisms/solutions and actions taken), generating increased opacity and limit the responsibility/accountability of public finance in Poland, exacerbated by the COVID-19 crisis. Methods – descriptive analysis, comparative analysis and financial analysis methods were used. Results – fiscal transparency and accountability in Poland is limited by: the marginalisation of the role of the state budget, the loosening of the stabilising expenditure rule, the creation of financial mechanisms based (...)
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  7.  4
    Activity of Patents in Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Production in the Context of Passenger Car Fleet in the V4 Countries.Katarzyna Kania, Katarzyna Wierzbicka, Aleksandra Romanowska & Sylwia Pangsy-Kania - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):475-497.
    The hydrogen market in the world today is capable ovule and empirical evidence on activity of patents in fuel cells and hydrogen production is limited so far. Patent applications in zero-emission mobility in the aspect of fuel cells include: DAFC/dmfc&dmfc, PEMFC, SOFC, AFC, PAFC. As for the patents relating to the hydrogen production, they concern low carbon, electrolysis and inorganic. The purpose of the study was to investigate certain aspects of the activity of patents in fuel cells and hydrogen production (...)
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  8.  3
    Knowledge Routines, Threads and Network Dynamics.Anna Kawalec & Paweł Kawalec - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):247-268.
    The paper focuses on knowledge generation, a topic frequently overlooked in the traditional debates in epistemology and philosophy of science. We focus on investigation as the primary process generating knowledge and its products. Investigation is taken as a generalization of the research process that includes similar knowledge-generating practices in aboriginal communities. To characterize the complexity of investigation processes and their products we go beyond traditional epistemological characterization of knowledge in terms of mental states and turn to the concept of routine. (...)
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  9.  1
    Information as a Factor Regulating and Deregulating Markets. A Case Study of the Dot.Com Crisis, the Lehman Brothers Crisis and the Sars-Cov2 Pandemic.Mariola Kinal & Jarosław Kinal - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):425-440.
    Present, as Manuel Castells (1996) notes, we live in the information age. Knowledge and the way it is acquired and processed are the driving forces of the economy, and information processing systems are the strength of economies. The aim of this article is to identify the key role of the information supply phenomenon in contemporary socio-economic processes. The initial part of the article will define such concepts as: information, infodemia, information market, in the further part examples of the use of (...)
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  10.  1
    Introduction. Some New Approaches to Knowledge Representation in Multidimensional Perspective: From Theory Through Experience to Scientific Practice.Marcin Koszowy & Urszula M. Żegleń - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):139-150.
    This special issue offers a multidimensional perspective on the recent inquiries into knowledge representation. Multidimensionality exposes the complexity of knowledge representation and helps distinguish between different approaches and research tools. On the one hand, the presented research focuses on the theoretical and empirical aspects of knowledge representation (taking into account cognitive processes and capacities, including linguistic skills needed to generate and express knowledge); on the other, the articles included in the issue discuss the practical discourse, analyzing actions from the point (...)
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  11.  6
    Consequences of the Constitutional Tribunal’s Ruling of October 22, 2020. On the Citizens’ Bill on Safe Termination of Pregnancy and Other Reproductive Rights. [REVIEW]Dariusz Kużelewski, Marta Michalczuk-Wlizło & Elżbieta Kużelewska - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):105-125.
    The ruling of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal of October 22, 2020 introduced a near-complete ban on abortion in Poland, as it removed from the law the embryopathological condition that allowed abortion when the fetus had an incurable, severe disease. The ruling raises a number of questions regarding the recognition of international protection of human rights, the equal protection status of human rights, and the principle of trust in the state. The Tribunal’s ruling resulted in massive public protests in Poland, the (...)
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  12.  12
    On the Role of Source and Target Words’ Meanings in Metaphorical Conceptualizations.El Mustapha Lemghari - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):73-103.
    The paper argues that metaphorical expressions do more than just instantiate conceptual metaphors. The main aim is to emphasize the role source and target words’ meanings play in construing generic-level metaphors. The latter are taken to act as superordinate categories for other metaphors, occurring at various levels of schematicity. Identification of lower-level metaphors takes into account source words’ metaphorical senses, not the central meanings of the categories they represent. This method brings the issue of source words’ polysemy into play, and (...)
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  13.  2
    In Favor of Logical Form.Miguel López-Astorga - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):45-58.
    This paper is intended to address the work “Against logical form”, authored by Johnson-Laird in 2010. In it, based on the theory of mental models, Johnson-Laird claims that the way people interpret sentences in natural language has nothing to do with logic. This is because that action is not related to logical forms. According to him, the mental activity is mainly linked to semantics and pragmatics. However, here, following arguments provided by López-Astorga, I try to show that the theory of (...)
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  14.  3
    Covid Monetary Expansion: Are Business Profits to be Blamed for the Inflation in 2022?Mateusz Machaj - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):441-450.
    Recent increases in inflation rates around the world has lead to many discussions on the causes of such rapid adjustments, some suggesting that higher profits are responsible driving force behind inflation. Here we will focus on the United States case and demonstrate why quantity theory of money is relevant to explain what has been going on with inflation after 2020 rather than profit based theory of inflation. First section introduces the argument. Second section restates quantity theory of money with relevance (...)
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  15.  6
    Sovereign Asset and Liability Management (SALM): Perspective of Pandemic COVID-19 Outbreak in Oecd Countries, Including Poland.Kamilla Marchewka-Bartkowiak & Daniel Budzeń - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):297-319.
    The COVID-19 pandemic is global and affects all countries in the world. The difference in the financial impact assessment of its outbreak concerns, inter alia, the state of preparation of the public sector in the previous period. The article assumes that countries which coordinated the structure of sovereign assets and liabilities before 2020 were less exposed to the negative effects of financial risks resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The study uses data and methodology of the International Monetary Fund and the (...)
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  16.  9
    Fears in the Light of Zygmunt Bauman’s Liquid Post-Modernity.Rafał Matera & Paulina Matera - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):451-473.
    Main task of the paper is to recall sociologist and philosopher – Zygmunt Bauman’s observations and concepts on the fears, anxieties, and uncertainties that appear in the modern world. Main focus was directed to Europe as Bauman was particularly concerned about its future and its role in the global society. The paper is illustrated using current examples from political, social, and economic life to confirm and/or negate Bauman’s concepts. We ask: are fears stable or changeable? Are they stronger or weaker? (...)
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  17.  6
    Logical Fallacies as a Possible Source of Misconceptions and Inadequate Patient Recommendations Given by Medical Professionals – A Preliminary Review.Robert Milewski, Magdalena Skowrońska & Michał Pawłowski - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):127-137.
    The aim of this article was to prepare a basis for further quantitative research concerning the nutritional knowledge of medical professionals (doctors) and dieticians in view of the accuracy of dietary recommendations given to patients. For this purpose, a review of literature data in this area was performed and logical fallacies were proposed as the ‘tool’ that doctors rely on in cases when they lack the proper knowledge required to be able give an informed and beneficial recommendation. In the course (...)
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  18.  20
    Cognitive Artifacts and Their Virtues in Scientific Practice.Marcin Miłkowski - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):219-246.
    One of the critical issues in the philosophy of science is to understand scientific knowledge. This paper proposes a novel approach to the study of reflection on science, called “cognitive metascience”. In particular, it offers a new understanding of scientific knowledge as constituted by various kinds of scientific representations, framed as cognitive artifacts. It introduces a novel functional taxonomy of cognitive artifacts prevalent in scientific practice, covering a huge diversity of their formats, vehicles, and functions. As a consequence, toolboxes, conceptual (...)
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  19.  14
    Fiscal Federalism and the COVID-19 Crisis: Theoretical Aspects and Poland’s Experience.Marzanna Poniatowicz - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):517-546.
    The article analyzes the specifics of the COVID-19 crisis and its impact on the public finance system, taking into account the key problems of the theory of fiscal federalism. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of the pandemic crisis on the fiscal relations taking place between different levels of public authority (intergovernmental relations – IGR), considered in the context of the decentralization of the public finance system and the associated distribution of public functions and resources. The (...)
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  20.  3
    Some Practical Aspects of Thinking and Decision Making.Sharaf N. Rehman - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):59-70.
    This paper explores the relationship between thinking and decision-making. In the first part, the paper analyzes the process of thinking from three aspects – language, psychology, and behavior. It then proceeds to investigate the implications of different kinds of thinking ondecision-making. The final section of the paper raises some questions and concerns about the role of the scientific method in making decisions under conditions of uncertainty. The author offers specific examples from the book publishing business and the movie industry.
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  21.  3
    Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Debt – International Perspective.Jacek Sierak & Michał Bitner - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):269-295.
    A direct consequence of the pandemic was the widespread occur-rence, and in many OECD countries – a growing public finance imbalance. The paper presents the results of research on the dynamics and structure of public debt, its relation to GDP and to the net borrowing of the general government sector. The main purpose of the article is to show the impact of the pandemic on the size and structure of public debt in the largest EU economies, as well as in (...)
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  22.  1
    Leibniz and the Organisation of Scholarly Life in the Late 17th and the Early 18th-Century Germany.Halina Święczkowska - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):5-29.
    The organisational activity of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz fits squarely with the transformations in science and research that took place in the seventeenth-century Europe with the inspiration of the model presented by Francis Bacon in New Atlantis (Bacon 1626). This paper is an attempt to assess Leibniz’s efforts aimed at building a new enlightened society within the structures of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. The philosopher’s reformatory projects also had an internationalist dimension for Leibniz saw science as an (...)
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  23.  7
    The COVID-19 Pandemic and Debudgetisation of Polish Public Finances.Jolanta Szołno-Koguc - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):547-569.
    The aim of the article is to analyse the provisions regulating the organisation and principles of financial management of the COVID-19 Counteracting Fund in the context of progressive debudgetisation of public finances. The first part presents the concept, sources and effects of debudgetisation of public finances, with emphasis on earmarked funds as the basic example of this process. The second part assesses the regulations concerning the organisation and tasks of the COVID-19 Counteracting Fund, and presents the sources of financing and (...)
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  24.  5
    Category of the Common Good from the COVID-19 Pandemic Perspective.Małgorzata Słodowa-Hełpa & Marian Gorynia - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):335-354.
    In this study, edited on the basis of a critical review of domestic and foreign literature, as well as authors’ own analyzes, previously presented in several articles (Słodowa-Hełpa 2015; Gorynia 2021 and 2022), mainly in two shorter texts published in popular magazines with a range of Poland (Gory-nia and Słodowa-Hełpa 2022a, 2022b), selected aspects of the concept of the common good from the perspective of the Covid-19 pandemic were presented. The authors’ conviction that in the process of searching for cures (...)
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  25.  5
    Factors Determing the COVID-19 Fiscal Stimulus Packages. the Case of the Advanced and Emerging Economies.Anna Wildowicz-Szumarska - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):571-589.
    The article discusses the determinants of fiscal policy in the times of COVID-19. Most economists share the opinion that fiscal packages are necessary to mitigate the health and economic costs of a pandemic. However, the scale of fiscal intervention and the types of fiscal policy instruments that should be used raise doubts. The aim of the article is to explore the factors determining the size and structure of fiscal packages which have been implemented globally in response to the crisis caused (...)
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  26.  5
    Concepts and Categories: A Data Science Approach to Semiotics.André Włodarczyk - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):169-200.
    Compared to existing classical approaches to semiotics which are dyadic (signifier/signified, F. de Saussure) and triadic (symbol/concept/object, Ch. S. Peirce), this theory can be characterized as tetradic ([sign/semion]//[object/noema]) and is the result of either doubling the dyadic approach along the semiotic/ordinary dimension or splitting the ‘concept’ of the triadic one into two (semiotic/ordinary). Other important features of this approach are (a) the distinction made between concepts (only functional pairs of extent and intent) and categories (as representations of expressions) and (b) (...)
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  27.  5
    Entrepreneurs Confronting the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: from Powerlessness in the Face of the Government’s Policies to Protests.Elżbieta Zalesko & Sławomir Kamosiński - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):397-424.
    The Covid-19 pandemic triggered a crisis affecting many spheres of socio-economic life. Both the authorities and entrepreneurs found themselves in a new and unusual situation. The lockdown introduced in the Polish economy in March 2020 has changed drastically environment and conditions for entrepreneurs and companies in Poland. The article touches on the problem of changes in the system of formal and informal institutions during that period. An attempt was made to answer the question: to what extent was the institutional state (...)
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  28.  13
    Surveillance in Capitalism Versus Surveillance Capitalism – Analisis of Contemporary Constraints of Civil Rights in the Context of Dataism and Post-Truth.Marian Zalesko, Aneta Kargol-Wasiluk & Robert Ciborowski - 2022 - Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67 (1):321-334.
    The paper is devoted to the issue of surveillance in capitalism (surveillance capitalism), a phenomenon which has spread in that socio-economic system since the beginning of the 21st century. We attempt to point out the harmfulness of information technologies developing in the wrong direction, carrying the ideas of dataism and post-truth, which increasingly colonize human living space. It turns out that the information (traces) that people leave while operating on the Internet is a source of predicting human behavior in the (...)
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