Raison d'état em Montaigne

Kriterion: Journal of Philosophy 53 (126):499-507 (2012)
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Abstract

Em "Do útil e do honesto" Montaigne indaga se, na defesa do Estado, haveria limites éticos para a ação do príncipe. O príncipe deve pautar-se pelo útil ou pelo honesto? Argumenta que o "devoir publique" é o limite da dedicação do súdito a um príncipe, o qual deve preservar a liberdade de julgamento. Ir além dos limites da consciência no serviço público é arriscar a confiança dos outros na veracidade de suas próprias palavras. Não há razão superior à razão de consciência. Enquanto para Maquiavel o conceito de utilidade é fundamental, para Montaigne o útil não é o honesto. Ainda que a utilidade pública, mesmo que por uma "razão mais geral", obrigue à desonestidade, a moralidade deve vigorar no espaço público. A honestidade, no interior do espaço público, é uma força instituinte da sociedade política. Todavia, a pretensão à verdade e o cuidado com a "paix publique" são definitivamente distintos. Montaigne afirma a incompatibilidade entre a moral e a política, mas almeja um príncipe que não ignore o honesto. In "Of the useful and of the honest" Montaigne questions if, in the defense of the State, there shoud be any ethical limits to the action of the prince. Must the prince be guided by the useful or the honest? He argues that the "devoir publique" is the limit subjects have to respect in their dedication to the prince, preserving their freedom of judgment. In public affairs, going beyond the limits of conscience is risking the trust of others in the truth of one's words. There is no reason higher than consciousness. While, according to Machiavelli, the concept of utility is fundamental, Montaigne distingishes the useful from the honest. Even if the public utility (hence a "more general reason") may impose dishonesty, morality should prevail in the public space. Within the public space honesty is essential to institute the political society. However, to be truthful and to care about the "paix publique" are definitely different. Montaigne assumes the incompatibility between morality and politics, but not a prince who ignores the difference between the useful and the honest

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