Iḥbāṭ and Takfīr: two theological concepts in Islamic literature
Abstract
Iḥbāṭ and takfīr are two theological concepts widely debated during theformative and classical periods. Theologians have expressed theiropinions according to their schools of thought, as well as personalpremises and beliefs. The word iḥbāṭ comes from the root ḥ-b-ṭ andmeans to annul or void an action. Its terminological definition intheology is to have one’s good deeds annulled due to one's sins. Theword takfīr comes from the root k-f-r and means to cover something,and its terminological definition is the opposite of iḥbāṭ and means tohave one’s sins covered, meaning forgiven, due to their good deeds.In this article we will begin by examining the standard andterminological definitions of these two words, and the causes of iḥbāṭand takfīr as stated in the Qur’ān and Shi’a tradition literature. Webegin with these two sources due to the fact that takfīr and iḥbāṭ,similar to other theological debates, have their roots in these religioustexts. Then we shall discuss the minor and major sins that pertain totakfīr and iḥbāṭ, as well as the relevant debates on this topic, especiallythe debates between the two mu‘tazilī theologious, Jubbaei and AbuHashim. After which we discuss the meaning of mawāzana as well asthe views and arguments of those who reject the concept of iḥbāṭ