The Issue of Culture in History: A Relection on the Western Idea of "Culture"

Philosophy and Culture 30 (7):159-178 (2003)
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Abstract

In the nineteenth century, talked about culture, most see it as a phenomenon to be described, especially art, literature, architecture, thinking, when social conditions change, after the transformation of human life, especially after the industrial revolution, culture changes appeared in the modern sense, it is no longer a phenomenon, but as an object. Culture from the record "literary achievement," "the evolution of the human mind." Become of human social, economic, political, life changes, as well as its challenges and responses. Culture is not a thing has been generated, but the growth process is being. Cultural studies from the Western "cultural studies" refers to "cultural studies", that is, from the general discussion of culture, the development of a special discussion, in other words, by human thought, social action, cross-cultural contacts, economic production structure to the contemporary cultural studies. Especially in contemporary cultural studies. This is a British cultural studies group of the 1960s "New Left" scholars in the twentieth century British political and social crisis as a reflection and criticism, cultural studies while they are off the wind. Before the nineteenth century, culture more than often was described as a kind of phenomenon, especially art, literature, architecture and thought. With the transformations in social conditions and ways of lives, particularly after the industrial revolution, the modern meaning of culture is different ; instead of a kind of phenomena, now it's seen as a kind of objects. Rather than recording "artistic achievements" and "the ideal evolution," now culture explores changes in the society, economy, politics and lives as well as the consequent challenges and reactions. Culture is not established; it is always on the way of being established. As part of the Western "study of culture", "culture study" develops from the general discussion about culture into a disciplinary discourse, in other words, including human thought, social actions, the contact with alien cultures, the structure of economic production, down to the contemporary culture study. It has to be noted that this culture study is the reflection and criticism by the New Left scholars in the sixties about the political and social crises in Britain and creates a new trend of culture study

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