**** A reprint of Gilson's estimable book of 1936 (Sheed and Ward) (endorsed by BCL3). These 20 lectures were delivered as Gifford Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.
As concerns about violence, war, terrorism, sexuality, and embodiment have garnered attention in philosophy, the concept of vulnerability has become a shared reference point in these discussions. As a fundamental part of the human condition, vulnerability has significant ethical import: how one responds to vulnerability matters, whom one conceives as vulnerable and which criteria are used to make such demarcations matters, how one deals with one’s own vulnerability matters, and how one understands the meaning of vulnerability matters. Yet, the meaning (...) of vulnerability is commonly taken for granted and it is assumed that vulnerability is almost exclusively negative, equated with weakness, dependency, powerlessness, deficiency, and passivity. This reductively negative view leads to problematic implications, imperiling ethical responsiveness to vulnerability, and so prevents the concept from possessing the normative value many theorists wish it to have. When vulnerability is regarded as weakness and, concomitantly, invulnerability is prized, attentiveness to one’s own vulnerability and ethical response to vulnerable others remain out of reach goals. Thus, this book critiques the ideal of invulnerability, analyzes the problems that arise from a negative view of vulnerability, and articulates in its stead a non-dualistic concept of vulnerability that can remedy these problems. (shrink)
The study of being was one of the main preoccupations of Gilson's scholarly and intellectual life. Being and Some Philosophers is at once a testament to the persistence of these concerns and an important landmark in the history of the question of being. The book charts the ways in which being is translated across history, from unity in Plato and substance in Aristotle to essence in Avicenna and the act of existence in Aquinas. It examines the vicissitudes of essence (...) and existence in Suarez and Christian Wolff, in Hegel and Kierkegaard, in order to uncover the metaphysical and existential foundations of modern thought. And yet Being and Some Philosophers remains not so much an historical investigation (although it could only have been written by a scholar steeped in the history of philosophy) but, in the words of its author, "a philosophical book, and a dogmatically philosophical one at that." Its passionate vigour has proven, over many years, at once fresh and provocative. Indeed, the appendix to this revised edition contains critiques of the book by two Thomists as well as Gilson's replies to their objections. (shrink)
To mark the seventy-fifth anniversary of scholarly publishing at PIMS, and the thirtieth anniversary of Gilson’s death, PIMS is releasing the lectures devoted to Thomas Aquinas, many of them revised and updated. The volume contains nine lectures from this prestigious series by some of the most prominent Thomists, including Leonard Boyle, Edward Synan, James Weisheipl, Mark Jordan, and James P. Reilly. The volume includes an introduction by James P. Reilly written especially for the occasion, as well as a general (...) index, an index of modern authors, and an index to citations from the Scriptum super Sententiis, Summa contra Gentiles, and Summa theologiae. (shrink)
CHAPTER I LOGICISM AND PHILOSOPHY In the preface to his Phenomenology of Mind, Hegel rightly remarks that knowing a philosophical system is something more ...
In this classic work, the eminent Catholic philosopher Étienne Gilson deals with one of the most important and perplexing metaphysical problems: the relation between our notion of God and demonstrations of his existence. Gilson examines Greek, Christian, and modern philosophy as well as the thinking that has grown out of our age of science in this fundamental analysis of the problem of God. “[I] commend to another generation of seekers and students this deeply earnest and yet wistfully gentle (...) little essay on the most important of all metaphysical—and existential—questions.... The historical sweep is breathtaking, the one-liners arresting, and the style, both intellectual and literary, altogether engaging.” —Jaroslav Pelikan, from the foreword “We have come to expect from the pen of M. Gilson not only an accurate exposition of the thought of the great philosophers, ancient and modern, but what is of much more importance and of greater interest, a keen and sympathetic insight into the reasons for that thought. The present volume does not fail to fulfill our expectations. It should be read by every Christian thinker.” —Ralph O. Dates, _America_. (shrink)
With his usual lucidity, Etienne Gilson addresses the idea that "art is the making of beauty for beauty's own sake." By distinguishing between aesthetics, which promotes art as a form of knowledge, and philosophy, which focuses on the presence of the artist's own talent or genius, Gilson maintains that art belongs to a different category entirely, the category of "making." Gilson's intellectually stimulating meditation on the relation of beauty and art is indispensable to philosophers and artists alike.
Peirce nurtured a lifelong interest in the mathematics, metaphysics, and logic of time. For him, time was the primal form of continuum, and he studied it as such. That study is fundamentally connected to Peirce’s semiotic and metaphysical exploration of the continuum of consciousness. In this paper I will use two successive approaches to answer the question “To what extent does the flow of time regulate the flow of signs and the flow of signs influence or determine the flow of (...) time?” I will first examine Peirce’s views concerning the connection between time, the flow of perception, and the emergence of perceptual judgments. I will then apply several resulting distinctions to show how they illuminate the mutual determination of time and semiosis in Peirce’s mature semiotic theory. I will finish with considerations about how Peirce ended up viewing the genealogy of both time and logic in relation to the birth of a semiotic universe. (shrink)
Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.
Si l’histoire de la pensée médiévale inclut celle de ses influences, comme l’histoire de la pensée moderne celle de ses sources, il est alors doublement légitime de se demander ce que peut nous apprendre sur la pensée cartésienne sa confrontation historique avec la pensée médiévale, au contact de laquelle elle s’est formée, et à l’encontre de laquelle elle s’est développée.Prenant la suite de travaux antérieurs, cet ouvrage d’Étienne Gilson envisage tout d’abord la confrontation dans une perspective génétique , avant (...) de considérer plus précisément le rapport de la métaphysique cartésienne et de la métaphysique médiévale à travers l’examen de certains points de doctrine particulièrement délicats. C’est ici notamment que sont rencontrés et éclaircis les problèmes de la critique cartésienne des formes substantielles, du « dialogue » de Descartes avec saint Augustin à l’occasion du cogito, avec saint Thomas dans la preuve de l’existence de Dieu par la causalité de l’idée, et avec saint Anselme dans la preuve dite « ontologique ». Le caractère novateur de la pensée cartésienne se trouve ainsi établi avec une acuité inédite. (shrink)
Several recent works in history and philosophy of science have re-evaluated the alleged opposition between the theses put forth by logical empiricists such as Carnap and the so-called "post-positivists", such as Kuhn. Although the latter came to be viewed as having seriously challenged the logical positivist views of science, recent authors maintain that some of the most notable theses of the Kuhnian view of science have striking similarities with some aspects of Carnap's philosophy. Against that reading, Oliveira and Psillos argue (...) that within Carnap's philosophy there is no place for the Kuhnian theses of incommensurability, holism, and theory-ladenness of observations. This paper presents each of those readings and argues that Carnap and Kuhn have non-opposing views on holism, incommensurability, the theory-ladenness of observations, and scientific revolutions. We note at the very end - without dwelling on the point, however - that they come apart on other matters, such as their views on metaphysics and on the context of discovery/justification distinction. (shrink)
This paper aims to understand the relationship between ignorance and vulnerability by drawing on recent work on the epistemology of ignorance. After elaborating how we might understand the importance of human vulnerability, I develop the claim that ignorance of vulnerability is produced through the pursuit of an ideal of invulnerability that involves both ethical and epistemological closure. The ignorance of vulnerability that is a prerequisite for such invulnerability is, I contend, a pervasive form of ignorance that underlies and grounds other (...) oppressive forms of ignorance. Thus, undoing such forms of ignorance requires working toward a particular form of vulnerability: epistemic vulnerability. (shrink)
Ce volume recueille des éléments propres à éclairer l’œuvre de Duns Scot et entend montrer que sa lecture n’est pas pas inutile pour comprendre Thomas d’Aquin. Gilson rappelle que le sens des principes dont use l’auteur ne se comprend bien que par l’usage qu’il en fait. Car le Docteur Subtil ne nous a pas laissé un système : la parole de Dieu, dont il cherche l’intellection, n’est pas un donné à reconstruire par mode de déduction. La philosophie, la sienne (...) en propre, doit être traversée de thèmes fondamentaux ausquels il revient sans cesse pour éclairer les profondeirs de la foi. On trouvera dans cet ouvrage magistral des analyses fondées sur les Commentaires de Pierre Lombard par Duns Scot, ainsi que des études sur l’objet de la métaphysique, l’existence de l’être infini, la nature divine, l’origine du contringent, la connaissance intellectuelle et la volonté. (shrink)
This paper represents the first attempt to apply vertical equity principles to the South African health sector. A vertical equity approach, which recognises that different groups have different starting points and therefore require differential treatment, appears to offer an appropriate basis for considering how best to redress the vast inequities which exist in post-Apartheid South Africa. Vertical equity principles are applied in critically analysing two areas of recent policy action which are particularlyrelevant to health sector equity in South Africa, namely (...) public-private sector cross-subsidies and the allocation of government resources between provinces. Despite a strong political commitment to redressing historical inequities, recent government policy actions in these two areas appear to fall short of desirable goals when viewed through a vertical equity lens. In particular, policies since the first democratic elections in 1994 have done little to reduce the extent of government subsidies to the private health sector, which serves a minority of the population. In addition, recent proposals for a Social Health Insurance will allow minimal cross-subsidies between high- and low-income earners and would not adequately redress the currently inequitable public-private cross-subsidies. With respect to the allocation of government resources between provinces, a vertical equity approach would suggest that the most historically dis-advantaged provinces have an even greater claim on government resources than reflected in the current formula, as developed by the Department of Finance. This paper also considers the potential benefits of engaging with societal views in determining what constitutes dis-advantage in the South African context, in order to identify those who should receive priority in resource allocation decisions. It concludes with a review of a number of practical steps that can be taken to draw vertical equity principles into policy action. (shrink)
This paper continues as the second part of my study of the relationship of Fr. Lawrence Dewan OP and Etienne Gilson. My first paper explored their metaphysical differences, while this second paper explores their common commitment to Christian philosophy and to St. Thomas Aquinas’ seminal work on the interrelationship of faith and reason as manifest most clearly in the interrelationship of revealed theology and philosophy. This leads us into a closer examination of Gilson's sustained treatment of this topic. (...) However, we must acknowledge that this topic is often susceptible to unproductive philosophical and metaphysical abstraction. In order to avoid this, we depart from the standard method of treatment through an interdisciplinary appeal to the theological, philosophical, and historical implications of the bodily resurrection of Christ. (shrink)
L’introduction proposée par Étienne Gilson à l’étude de saint Augustin a pour vocation de cerner l’esprit même de l’augustinisme en relevant ce qui, dans la doctrine, a imprimé à la pensée médiévale l’impulsion dont tant d’œuvres profondes sont les témoins. Cette étude se propose ainsi de dégager les quelques thèses essentielles qui, commandant l’ensemble de la doctrine, permettent d’en interpréter le détail. La table systématique des matières annexée à ce volume permettra d’ailleurs au lecteur de l’utiliser à la manière (...) d’un inventaire; la bibliographie raisonnée compétant cette table l’aidera en outre à s’orienter dans une vaste littérature historique. Cependant, à la place de l’ordre synthétique et linéaire des doctrines qui suivent la norme de l’intellect, nous trouvons dans l’augustinisme un mode d’exposition nécessairement autre, approprié à une doctrine dont le centre est dans la grâce et dans la charité. La méthode est digressive : l’ordre naturel de la doctrine augustinienne est ce rayonnement autour d’un centre, qui est l’ordre même de la charité. Et s’il s’agit là moins de savoir que d’aimer, la tâche propre du philosophe est moins de fiare connaître que de faire désirer… On conçoit alors que cet ouvrage, publié pour la première fois en 1929, promette aujourd’hui encore une découverte originale de saint Augustin. (shrink)
: In this paper, the author will demarcate three main stages of the development of Étienne Gilson’s doctrine on Christian philosophy through an examination of some of Gilson’s key works, treated in chronological order. Thus, he proceeds to explicate how Gilson’s doctrine developed from its gestational stage in the 1920s through the first Christian philosophy debate of the 1930s, into its 2nd stage of birth and infancy from the 1930s through the early 1950s, ending with the 3rd (...) stage of maturity in the later 1950s and 1960s. Furthermore, he notes that implicit throughout those three stages are notions of Christian philosophy as existing in two modes: one as the philosophical component present within theology and the second properly speaking outside of theology though by no means outside of the influence of Christianity. Additionally, Gilson’s influence upon St. John Paul II’s treatment of Christian philosophy in Fides et Ratio is addressed. The paper culminates in showing how Gilson’s mature doctrine on Christian philosophy is relevant as a guide for doing Christian philosophy in this Third Christian Millennium. (shrink)
