This volume considers forms of information manipulation and restriction in contemporary society. It explores whether and when manipulation of the conditions of inquiry without the consent of those manipulated is morally or epistemically justified. The contributors provide a wealth of examples of manipulation, and debate whether epistemic paternalism is distinct from other forms of paternalism debated in political theory. Special attention is given to medical practice, for science communication, and for research in science, technology, and society. Some of the contributors (...) argue that unconsenting interference with people’s ability of inquire is consistent with, and others that it is inconsistent with, efforts to democratize knowledge and decision-making. -/- These differences invite theoretical reflection regarding which goods are fundamental, whether there is a clear or only a moving boundary between informing and instructing, and whether manipulation of people’s epistemic conditions amounts to a type of intellectual injustice. The collection pays special attention to contemporary paternalistic practices in big data and scientific research, as the way in which the flow of information or knowledge might be curtailed by the manipulations of a small body of experts or algorithms. (shrink)

This volume considers forms of information manipulation and restriction in contemporary society. It explores whether and when manipulation of the conditions of inquiry without the consent of those manipulated is morally or epistemically justified. The contributors provide a wealth of examples of manipulation, and debate whether epistemic paternalism is distinct from other forms of paternalism debated in political theory. Special attention is given to medical practice, science communication, and research in science, technology, and society. Some of the contributors argue that (...) unconsenting interference with or "conceptual engineering" of people’s beliefs and ability of inquire is consistent with, and others that it is inconsistent with, efforts to democratize knowledge and decision-making. (shrink)

Qu'y a-t-il de commun entre un manuscrit medieval, Les Menines de Velazquez, le Cameraman de Buster Keaton et On connait la chanson d'Alain Resnais? Reponse : la presence d'images inattendues, " enchassees ", telles une porte ouverte au fond de la piece dans le tableau du maitre espagnol, la queue d'un faisan pris au piege debordant largement du cadre d'une enluminure du XIVe siecle, la presence incongrue d'un navire de guerre dans les rues de New York chez Buster Keaton, des (...) meduses mobiles en surimpression a la fin du film de Resnais. Dispositifs et procedes aujourd'hui banalises au cinema et en video, les " images dans l'image " susceptibles, depuis des siecles, aussi bien d'intriguer que de passer presque inapercues aupres du spectateur, sont loin d'etre innocentes. Sous l'oeil attentif de Vincent Amiel, ces " images-secondes " inserees dans une image-englobante, injustement delaissees parfois par les estheticiens du cinema, acquierent un veritable statut theorique qui n'est pas celui d'une simple mise en abyme figee. Les images enchassees demandent a etre vues et pensees au moment ou elles deviennent images, dans l'instant de leur naissance, comme des figures cachees mais dynamiques qui, comme le souligne Amiel, " s'affirment comme monde et comme representation ". (shrink)

La línea divisoria entre lo bueno y lo malo está cada vez más difuminada, pero lo más grave está en que pareciera que esta circunstancia no interesa mayormente a ningún estamento, ni al público en general. La narcosis sobre la bondad o maldad lleva a acciones poco razonadas, pero sí muy cargadas de emotividad y sentimiento; parecería que lo más importante es lo que “se siente” y no lo que se puede pensar. Las filosofías de la modernidad y la posmodernidad (...) han contribuido al olvido de algunos conceptos clave que se ve necesario recordar: bien, libertad, finalidad, naturaleza, ley natural, hábitos, sindéresis. Sobre este último hábito innato se hace una corta reflexión descriptiva y se propone volver a ponerlo en la intencionalidad educativa, pues se juzga que sus beneficios son insoslayables para estructurar del acto humano y hacer mejor su valoración ética. Se concluye que la sindéresis, como hábito de los primeros principios del intelecto práctico, facilita la acción para orientar al ser humano a los bienes verdaderos, conformes a su naturaleza; propicia la integración que se da en el acto libre entre la inteligencia y la voluntad; y puede intervenir también en la tarea de hacer valoraciones éticas en cada una de sus etapas: dando claridad al objeto del acto, calibrando la legitimidad de la intención y evaluando las circunstancias en el contexto global de la acción. (shrink)

The space-time expansion has a new perspective on the universe phenomena. In this article, the key features of the Space-Time Expansion Theory are summarized and discussed, with three postulates incorporating different insights into the behavior of space-time expansion, gravity, space-time curvature, and time itself. Gravity is not an attraction; it is a push. Inertia, free fall, the principles of the theory of relativity and some other phenomena support the author’s assertions. The expansion of space-time is universal, occurs everywhere, and produces (...) gravity instead of counteracting it. Being immersed in the same space-time acceleration, we only perceive the disturbance caused by the matter, which is the massive objects push. This study aims to offer scientists an alternative investigation. “Gravitation is not attraction; it’s a push.” All in accordance with hydrodynamic gravitation and expanding Universe. (shrink)

The phenomenal properties of conscious mental states happen to be exclusively accessible from the first-person perspective. Consequently, some philosophers consider their existence to be incompatible with materialist metaphysics. In this paper I criticise one particular argument that is based on the idea that for something to be real it must (at least in principle) be accessible from an intersubjective perspective. I argue that the exclusively subjective access to phenomenal contents can be explained by the very particular nature of the epistemological (...) relation holding between a subject and his own mental states. Accordingly, this subjectivity does not compel us to deny the possibility that phenomenal contents are ontologically objective properties. First, I present the general form of the argument that I will discuss. Second, I show that this argument makes use of a criterion of reality that is not applicable to the case of subjective experience. Third, I discuss a plausible objection and give an argument for rejecting observation models of self-knowledge of phenomenal contents. These models fall prey to the homunculus illusion. (shrink)

In various parts of the world—of which Mexico is one example— archaeology has been not only an academic discipline but has followed other motivations and goals, some valid and others more disputable: formation of a nationality, a need to know ancient roots, importance of a distinct art for understanding past societies or simply the promotion of tourism by attracting people to visit recently-excavated monuments or those that are already famous. In this paper, I intend to present the case of Mexico.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la situación actual y las proyecciones de la comparación forense de la voz en Chile, a la luz de los estándares internacionales que se enfocan en la producción de evidencia confiable, que pueda ser utilizada en los tribunales de justicia. Para ello, en principio, se dan a conocer los fundamentos científicos que caracterizan esta rama de las ciencias forenses y, luego, sobre esa base se analiza y comenta la situación de Chile y (...) sus proyecciones, tanto en la práctica como en la investigación forense. Abstract: The objective of this work is to describe the current situation and the projections of forensic voice comparison in Chile, in the light of international standards that focus on the production of reliable evidence that can be used in the courts of justice. To do this, first, the scientific foundations that characterize this branch of forensic sciences are disclosed and, then, on that basis, the situation in Chile and its projections are analyzed and discussed, both in practice and in the forensic research. (shrink)

Cet article prétend expliquer l'invisibilité relative du conflit armé colombien par rapport à d'autres situations de crise internationale. Au lieu de présupposer que le problème repose sur une faible médiatisation des événements rapportés à la Colombie, il se penche sur les tentatives de mise en sens des événements effectuées par les journalistes au moment de leur médiatisation. L'argument central est que l'opacité du « problème colombien » sur la scène internationale est surtout liée à la difficulté de parvenir à élaborer (...) un récit capable de rendre intelligible ce qui se passe en Colombie.This article tries to explain the relative invisibility of the Colombian armed conflict in relation to other international crisis situations. Instead assume that the problem lies in a low media coverage of events reported to the British, it focuses on the attempts of making sense of the events conducted by journalists at media coverage. The central argument is that the opacity of the "Colombian problem" on the international scene is mainly due to the difficulty of reaching to develop a story that can make sense of what is happening in Colombia. (shrink)

La consciencia es un estado unificado de la mente, cualitativo y subjetivo. Una de cuyas formas más especiales es la autoconsciencia, que nos permite darnos cuenta de que nos damos cuenta y reflexionar sobre nuestros propios pensamientos. Esta consciencia dota al ser humano de la capacidad para interpretar el mundo y responder a él. Así, gracias a los qualia, tenemos la capacidad de comportarnos circunstancialmente. Es importante conocer los correlatos y las causas cerebrales que dan origen a la consciencia. Es (...) en la corteza cerebral donde radica la capacidad de ser consciente. Problema de la unidad de percepción: sincronización de neuronas o integración funcional. Sin embargo, el problema de la consciencia no consiste sólo en conocer su naturaleza, sino también en conocer cómo se produce la emergencia de la imaginación subjetiva, respuesta que actualmente no existe y que tampoco aportaría ninguna ventaja práctica a la especie. (shrink)

¿Qué es leer? ¿Qué es escribir? ¿Qué ocurre cuando se lee o cuando se escribe? ¿Qué tipo de relación se entreteje entre el texto y quien lo lee o escribe? ¿Qué tipo de efectos se derivan de allí? El acento de este tipo de preguntas pretende poner el foco de inquietud en el sujeto que lee y escribe. Con este propósito se emplean las nociones foucaultianas de ética, experiencia y cuidado de sí (epimeleia heaotou) para interrogar desde allí tanto el (...) leer como el escribir. Pensar la lectura y la escritura desde la perspectiva metodológica de la producción de sí, deriva en una ética de la palabra y en el ejercicio de la escritura de sí, las cuales permiten, a su vez, aportar ángulos de interpelación, tanto a las prácticas de enseñanza, como a la formación y la investigación. Palabras clave: cuidado de sí, leer, escribir, ética de la palabra, experiencia Ética da palavra. Leitura, escrita e produção de si. Resumo: O que é ler? O que é escrever? O que ocorre quando se lê ou quando se escreve? Que tipo de relação se entretece entre o texto e quem o lê ou o escreve? Que tipos de efeitos são daí derivados? O tom dessas perguntas pretende ressaltar a inquietude no sujeito, o sujeito que lê e o sujeito que escreve. Com tal propósito, empregam-se noções foucaultianas de ética, experiência e cuidado de si (epiméleia heautoû) para interrogar, a partir daí, leitura e escritura, considerando a perspectiva metodológica da produção de si derivada de uma ética da palavra e de um exercício da escritura de si aos quais, por sua vez, permitem suscitar ângulos de interpelação tanto das práticas de ensino quanto da formação e da pesquisa. Palavras-chave: cuidado de si; ler; escrever; ética da palavra; experiência Ethics of the word. Reading, writing and production of the self Abstract: What is reading? What is writing? What happens when reading or writing? What kind of relationship is weave between the text and the one who reads or writes it? What kind of effects derive from it? The accent of this type of questions intends to put the focus of concern on the subject, who reads and writes. To this end, the foucauldian notions of ethics, experience and care of the self (epimeleia heaotou) are used to interrogate reading and writing. Thinking about reading and writing from the methodological perspective of the production of the self, derives in an ethics of the word and in the exercise of the writing of the self, that allow us to contribute angles of interpellation to teaching practices, as well as to the formation and research. Key words: The care of the Self, reading, writing, ethics of theWord, Experience. Data de registro: 22/07/2022 Data de aceite: 13/12/2022. (shrink)

Colombia es el país donde por primera vez se legisló sobre eutanasia en América Latina y el Caribe, en el sentido de despenalizar o legalizar su práctica. La novedad del caso colombiano está en la vía jurídica mediante la cual se despenalizó el “homicidio por piedad”, denominación tipificada en el Código Penal para la eutanasia. Como se explicará en el capítulo correspondiente, la eutanasia en Colombia se despenaliza mediante una sentencia de la Corte Constitucional, máximo organismo del poder judicial del (...) país, sin pasar antes por el Congreso de la República (rama legislativa). Este artilugio jurídico fue el mismo que se utilizó en los EUA, en la década del setenta del siglo pasado, para hacer ver el aborto como si fuera un derecho derivado de la Constitución (caso Roe vs. Wade), que sin embargo fue corregido por la misma Corte Suprema de ese país en 2022. En la sentencia Dows vs. Jackson se indica que el aborto no es un derecho constitucional y que los organismos judiciales no son competentes para regular sobre esa materia y sobre otras análogas. Una de ellas es la eutanasia. Luego de una introducción donde se expone parte de la historia de la eutanasia, se pasa a la terminología relacionada con ella. Algunos argumentos a favor de la eutanasia son examinados para mostrar lo que hay detrás de cada uno y concluir por qué su práctica no es una buena idea. En la parte central del libro se hace una reflexión sobre la valoración ética que se puede hacer del acto eutanásico. Posteriormente se ofrecen unas reflexiones sobre la cultura de la muerte, pero sobre todo del sentido que el sufrimiento puede tener para el ser humano. Antes de las conclusiones el lector encontrará dos ensayos sobre la eutanasia en el mundo y en Colombia, que procuran aportar datos para una mejor comprensión de la situación. En el último capítulo se incluye un estudio breve sobre lo que dicen las religiones de la eutanasia. Las conclusiones se aprovechan para mostrar cómo la medicina paliativa y los cuidados paliativos son el mejor recurso médico que hace innecesario el que alguien pueda plantearse la aplicación de la eutanasia. Además, se explica qué son las voluntades anticipadas y la objeción de conciencia. -/- . (shrink)

This paper explores space-time with the Minkowski equation, trying to integrate using the three manuscripts presented to the Open Journal of Philosophy (OJPP) a “new theory of gravity” by introducing the concept of space-time flow. Gravity is a push rather than a pull, an idea presented in the first manuscript. Gravity is the inertia, the shape (frame) of space-time produced by dark energy. The space-time surrounding you provides the force that pushes you upwards, but it doesn’t increase the diameter of (...) the Earth. The sensation of gravity is actually caused by the accelerated flow of space-time against you, which acts as a mirror. The Earth’s expansion is apparent; creates the illusion, but Earth does not expand; rather, the space-time flow emanating from the Earth generates gravity. Einstein’s theory of relativity explains that gravity results from the curvature of space-time caused by the presence of mass and the background dark energy. “Dark energy, introduced from all directions,” which exists throughout the universe in space-time, is responsible for the universe’s accelerated expansion. One way to expand space-time is through the concept of cosmic inflation, which suggests that the universe lives a continuous widening of space-time. Free fall and relativity theory support this claim. Dark energy pushes (pressure) space-time inside the atoms, and the space-time, as in a nozzle, produces an accelerated flow which is gravity. Dark energy floods the whole space and produces positive pressure. It is a non-local/ non-analytical energy, an omnipresent that pervades everything. Dark energy is a space-time property; it was first discovered in 1998. The pressure makes space-time emerge from every point of the Universe and push it expansively. Quantum physics suggests that all the energy in the Universe can form a single universal emergent system, which produces time in the present before us in 4D space-time. This is dark energy. The expansion of space-time is universal and occurs everywhere. When this expansion occurs within atoms, it produces a space-time flux, which is gravity. The general expansion produces it and counteracts it. Pushing space-time outside of Earth (Earth does not expand, just looks like it does) is this space-time flux that makes Earth coordinates move upward, to make it feel like falling into Earth. The apparent matter expansion is its complement mirror. Here, we present Gravity as accelerated space-time flow going out from massive objects. (shrink)

An omnipresent, non-local/non-analytical energy that pervades everything enters the Universe through all infinitesimal points. Without determining its origin, our approach is to explain our gravity theory based on Einstein’s relativity theory and the behavior of space-time flow. This influx occurs continuously throughout all of space-time, making the universe expand. Our theory presents two kinds of expansion: (PUE) space-time primary universal expansion and the (VME) virtual matter expansion that occurs with the interaction of space-time with the matter. The internal space-time in (...) atoms produces a virtual slight broadening of the matter’s atoms. From our frame of reference, we can only distinguish the perturbation that occurs to the (PUE) primary universal expansion if it encounters matter. This perturbation finally is restored by a Gaussian distribution at the spherical environment. We call it the (STD) Space-time accelerated displacement. It is the inertial-gravity field. Thus, matter expands by the superposition of atoms (molecules). The accelerated expansion increases proportionally to the number of atoms that radially constitute matter. The effect is manifested immensely increased in the surface of the stellar objects. Then the surface of the massive stellar objects pushes and displaces the object’s external surrounding space-time. The acceleration of the (STD) space-time displacement decreases with the radius squared from the center of mass as it is distributed concentrically. The acceleration we feel at the Earth’s surface is permanently fixed, because when space expands, time also proportionally expands. The associated speed (ds/dt) is immersed in the accelerated expansion of space-time; the time base is the same as the acceleration of the PUE (space-time primary universal expansion) (d2s/dt2). Otherwise, in a short time, this acceleration and its associated velocity would reach the speed of light. Our theory introduces a different concept: “repulsion instead of attraction”. The expansion of space-time produces gravity instead of counteracting it. Finally, we explain using this gravity theory: Earth’s oceans, creating tidal bulges on opposite sides of the planet. (shrink)

Una lectura positiva del Ser en el sentido levinasiano es lo mismo que abrir el espacio para preguntar por un sentido ético del Hay. Esta posibilidad se puede contemplar si pasamos de la designación negativa de la poesía, cuya función parece limitarse a denunciar y deshacer la totalidad a la que somete la ontología experimentando la noche y el horror, a su anunciación de una tierra inhabitable y cuya única ruptura radica en un decir más allá del habla de lo (...) neutro. Para esto, la poesía debe ella misma salir hacia la intemperie, recorrer el camino mismo del arte, hacia el encuentro con el otro. (shrink)

El artículo sostiene una relación fundacional entre la visión bioética potteriana con el cometido de la sostenibilidad. Teniendo en cuenta que V. R. Potter no desarrolló conceptualmente cómo y desde qué enfoque tendría que entenderse la sostenibilidad de la humanidad, se hace necesario mostrar tal desarrollo conceptual. Así, la visión bioética potteriana podría ser repensada y actualizada para enfrentar el desafío de la humanidad en la época actual. En este orden de ideas, se propone analizar descriptivamente los enfoques teóricos y (...) las ampliaciones conceptuales del concepto de sostenibilidad para reconocer en qué sentido contribuyen a la construcción de una supervivencia aceptable para la humanidad, en términos de la bioética global. Para esto, se presenta el eje teórico del desarrollo sostenible, del cual se resalta su componente sistémico e intergeneracional, sin dejar de exponer las críticas a su estructura de crecimiento económico y la incompatibilidad de esto con la visión bioética potteriana. Seguidamente, se expone la propuesta alternativa del ecodesarrollo y de la racionalidad ambiental, como elementos importantes para ampliar el paradigma de la sostenibilidad. Finalmente, se concluye con una integración de los elementos de ambos ejes teóricos como un punto de partida para pensar en la sostenibilidad de una visión bioética. (shrink)

In Book 19, chapter 9 of the Nodes Atticae Gellius describes the birthday party of a young Greek of equestrian rank at which a group of professional singers entertained the guests by performing poems by Anacreon, Sappho, ‘et poetarum quoque recentium λεγεα quaedam erotica’ . After the singing, Gellius goes on, some of the Greek συμπόται present challenged Roman achievements in erotic poetry, excepting only Catullus and Calvus, and criticized in particular Laevius, Hortensius, Cinna, and Memmius. Rising to meet this (...) charge, Gellius’ teacher of rhetoric, Antonius Julianus, admits the superiority of the Greeks in what he calls ‘cantilenarum mollitiae’ in general , but to show that the Romans too have some good erotic poets, he recites four early Latin love epigrams, by Valerius Aedituus , Porcius Licinus , and Lutatius Catulus . The same three poets are listed in the same order in Apuleius’ Apology in a list of amatory poets which he provides in order to establish precedents and thus invalidate his prosecutors’ referral to his erotic poems in their accusation . Catulus is also enumerated in Pliny's list of Roman dignitaries who composed ‘uersiculos seueros parum’ like his own , and an amatory epigram of his is cited by Cicero in De Natura Deorum 1.79 . We possess no further evidence connecting the other two with the composition of either erotic or, more generally, ‘light’ verse, but a poem by Porcius Licinus on Roman literary history is attested by several sources including Varro, Suetonius, and Gellius himself. (shrink)

Comparison of literary passages is a critical procedure much favoured by Gellius, and is the main theme in several chapters of his Noctes Atticae: ch. 2.23 is dedicated to a comparison of Menander's and Caecilius′ versions of the Plocium; 2.27 to a confrontation of passages from Demosthenes and Sallust; in 9.9 Vergilian verses are compared with their originals in Theocritus and Homer; parts of speeches by the elder Cato, C. Gracchus and Cicero are contrasted in 10.3; two of Vergil's verses (...) are again compared with their supposed models in ch. 11.4; a segment of Ennius′ Hecuba is contrasted with its Euripidean original in 13.27; Cato's and Musonius′ formulations of a similar sententia are confronted in 16.1; in 17.10 Vergil's description of Etna is compared to Pindar's; the value of Latin erotic poetry is weighed against the Greek in ch. 19.9, in which an Anacreontean poem and four Latin epigrams are cited; and finally in 19.11 a ‘Platonic' distich is set side by side with its Latin adaptation, composed by an anonymous friend of Gellius, though in this case no comparison of the poems is attempted. (shrink)

In the preface to his Nodes Atticae, Gellius explains his choice of title: quoniam longinquis per hiemem noctibus in agro, sicuti dixi, terrae Atticae commentationes hasce ludere ac facere exorsi sumus, idcirco eas inscripsimus Noctium esse Atticarum He then proceeds to enumerate other titles used for miscellaneous works similar to his own, both Greek and Latin, which, he claims, are far more refined and witty than his title . Attractive as Gellius' explanation may be, it raises some serious difficulties2 and (...) should not be taken at face value, especially since it seems to establish a novel type of relation between title and work. None of the titles in Gellius' list seems to have been based on the circumstances of the inception of the work, nor indeed does any other extant title prior to the publication of the Nodes Atticae. There is no reason to deny Gellius the credit for inventing a novel principle of titling, yet titles based on the circumstances of composition rather than on the content of the work fail to perform a primary function of titles, namely an initial direction of the expectations of prospective readers. (shrink)

The phenomenal properties of conscious mental states happen to be exclusively accessible from the first-person perspective. Consequently, some philosophers consider their existence to be incompatible with materialist metaphysics. In this paper I criticise one particular argument that is based on the idea that for something to be real it must (at least in principle) be accessible from an intersubjective perspective. I argue that the exclusively subjective access to phenomenal contents can be explained by the very particular nature of the epistemological (...) relation holding between a subject and his own mental states. Accordingly, this subjectivity does not compel us to deny the possibility that phenomenal contents are ontologically objective properties. First, I present the general form of the argument that I will discuss. Second, I show that this argument makes use of a criterion of reality that is not applicable to the case of subjective experience. Third, I discuss a plausible objection and give an argument for rejecting observation models of self-knowledge of phenomenal contents. These models fall prey to the homunculus illusion. (shrink)

What is inequality? In the late 1990s there was an explosion of interest in the subject that yielded a substantial body of formal tools and results for income-distribution analysis. Nearly all of this is founded on a small set of core assumptions - such as the Principle of Transfers, scale independence, the population principle∑ - that are used to give meaning to specific concepts of inequality measurement, inequality ranking and, indeed, to inequality itself. But does the standard axiomatic structure coincide (...) with public perceptions of inequality? Or is the economist's concept of inequality a thing apart, perpetuated through serial brainwashing in the way the subject is studied and taught? In this 1999 book, Amiel and Cowell examine the evidence from a large international questionnaire experiment using student respondents. Along with basic 'cake-sharing' issues, related questions involving social-welfare rankings, the relationship between inequality and overall income growth and the meaning of poverty comparisons are considered. (shrink)

La maternidad subrogada es una respuesta técnica ante una dificultad biológica que se puede dar en la reproducción humana. Luego de una introducción, que muestra la problemática que la guerra en Ucrania ha ocasionado en esta materia, se exponen algunas generalidades sobre la maternidad subrogada, su presencia en el mundo y sus costos; así mismo, se reflexiona sobre los problemas éticos, bioéticos y biojurídicos desde las perspectivas biológica, antropológica y jurídica en cada uno de los actores del proceso (madre sustituta, (...) pareja o persona contratante, el embrión resultante y la sociedad). Se concluye que la maternidad subrogada, aunque sea técnicamente posible, no es una solución ética ni bioética para la esterilidad humana porque deja de lado el respeto a la dignidad; es un negocio que incluye explotación de mujeres; impone actuaciones jurídicas que fuerzan la realidad al declarar como derechos lo que no son más que deseos y es causa de varias formas de vulnerabilidad en las personas que intervienen en ella y en la sociedad en su conjunto. (shrink)

La noticia de la conclusión del primer pangenoma humano ocurre veinte años después de que se pudo contar con una versión de referencia de la información genética completa de la especie humana. Las limitaciones técnicas de ese tiempo permitieron que esa versión tuviera errores y varias lagunas de la información genética. Ahora es posible contar con un nuevo atlas gigante con información que permite evidenciar la gran diversidad genética de la especie humana. Este trabajo está siendo realizado por el Consorcio (...) Internacional de Referencia del Pangenoma Humano, del que hacen parte cerca de cien investigadores y está financiado por el Instituto Nacional de Investigación del Genoma Humano y por los Institutos Nacionales de Salud de EEUU. En este escrito que describe a grandes rasgos en qué consiste el proyecto, cuáles son sus aplicaciones posibles y las dificultades técnicas que tiene actualmente. Se repasan también algunos aspectos éticos y jurídicos y se dan pautas para su culminación: profundizar en la reflexión ética de los problemas que se generan; cuidar la formación en ética de la investigación, bioética e integridad científica en todos los actores del proceso; no perder de vista la Declaración Universal sobre el genoma humano y los derechos humanos de la UNESCO; orientar los desarrollos de la bioinformática, para que los datos obtenidos se manejen de una mejor manera; extremar la prudencia en el manejo de esos datos; revisar y reajustar las prioridades que se tienen en la investigación de estas temáticas. (shrink)

RESUMENEl presente trabajo es un intento por desentrañar qué papel desempeña la experiencia dentro del proceso de justificación del conocimiento empírico. El debate contemporáneo está dominado por dos bandos antagónicos: en un extremo están los empiristas fundacionalistas para quienes la experiencia, lo "Dado", es el fundamento epistémico de todo el conocimiento y en el otro extremo se encuentran los coherentistas, quienes rechazan que la experiencia tenga cabida dentro del proceso de justificación. El objetivo de este trabajo consite en mostrar un (...) modelo alternativo de la justificación que recoge las virtudes de ambos extremos.PALABRAS CLAVEMITO DE LO DADO-FUNDACIONALISMO-COHERENTISMO-JUSTIFICACIÓNABSTRACTMy purpose in this essay is to bring to light the role played by experience in the justification process of empirical knowledge. Contemporary debate is dominated by two antagonistic sides: on one extreme we have the foundationalist empiricists for whom experience, the Goven, is the epistemic foundation of all knowledge; and on the other extreme we have the coherentists who reject that experience has any room in the justification process. This paper attempts to present an alternative model of justification that gathers the virtues of both sides.KEYWORDSMYTH OF THE GIVEN-FOUNDATIONALISM-COHERENTISM-JUSTIFICATION. (shrink)

Resumen: Entre el pensamiento de José Gaos y el de Eduardo Nicol se cierne una diferencia sustancial en torno al concepto de la filosofía. Para el primero, ésta es una suerte de confesión personal; mientras que para Nicol la filosofía debe ser producto de una hazaña dialógica y el conocimiento tiene que ser objetivo.: José Gaos’s and Eduardo Nicol’s concepts of philosophy differ substantially. For the former, philosophy is a sort of personal confession, whereas for the later it must be (...) the outcome of dialogical achievement, and as for knowledge, this has to be objective. (shrink)