In the first part of the article true expressions and false expressions are presented that served A. W. Burks to build a formal system of logic of causal propositions along with considering their later use in the system built in 1963. In the second part of the article the possibility of conducting an axiomatic proof of the theorem on adding a superfluous condition is analyzed. The consequences are also shown of substituting a negation of the same prepositional variable for the (...) propositional variable and conditions are analyzed of substitution for propositional variables and possibilities of avoiding those difficulties. (shrink)

Author: Pałubicka Anna Title: CHARACTERISTICS OF EUROPEAN MODERNISM IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE (Charakterystyka kultury modernizmu europejskiego w perspektywie filozofii i kultury) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2010, vol:.10, number: 2010/1, pages: 7-24 Keywords: EUROPEAN MODERNISM, PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE, ACTION, OBSERVER Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:The author distinguishes two attitudes toward the world: (1) the attitude of an action which involves engagement, care, values, and interests; (2) the attitude (...) of a distanced observer (i.e. the theoretical-contemplative one). The paper assumes that the attitude of action precedes historically the attitude of observer. The latter has been born in ancient Greece of classical period due to the Platonic philosophy and the overcoming of magic-mythical thought. Since then, although they have changed and developed, both perspectives have been widely present in European culture and therefore should be considered to be a part of European cultural heritage. It is said that European modernism guarantees a coexistence of both attitudes. A modern European, thus, is able to act intentionally as well as to observe his own action from a distance. Modernism implies also an axiological priority of theoretical perspective (identified with the Kantian ‘universal reason’) over the perspective of action which is not free from prejudice. In comparison with earlier periods of European culture, the theoretical-contemplative perspective of Modernism is defined in terms of perception and sensual experience and their further reinterpretations. (shrink)

Artykuł przedstawia metodę opisu analitycznego w zastosowaniu do teorii pytań. Metoda ta, zrekonstruowana przez Tadeusza Czeżowskiego, a aplikowana szeroko w Szkole Lwowsko-‑Warszawskiej, znajduje zastosowanie przede wszystkim na preteoretycznym etapie badań, tj. do konstrukcji siatki pojęciowej danej dyscypliny i klasyfikacji dziedziny badań. Jako przykład zastosowania tej metody wskazana została teoria pytań Kazimierza Ajdukiewicza oraz jej rozwinięcia, a zwłaszcza opublikowana niedawno monografia Adama Jonkisza. Omówione zostały metody alternatywne względem opisu analitycznego ze względu na dobór materiału empirycznego i perspektywę teoretyczną. Na tym tle (...) pokazane zostały różnice między odmiennymi nurtami w badaniach erotetycznych i źródła nieporozumień między przedstawicielami tych nurtów. (shrink)

Tematem artykułu jest etyczny problem klonowania ludzi. Zaprezentowane zostają w nim najważniejsze argumenty przeciwko klonowaniu obecne w powieści Kazuo Ishiguro Nie opuszczaj mnie. Wśród argumentów moralnych przeciwko klonowaniu ludzi przeanalizowane zostają: argument z instrumentalizacji oraz wewnętrznego życia klonów; z ograniczenia wolności jednostki oraz z jej unieszczęśliwienia; z prawa do posiadania wyjątkowej tożsamości i otwartej przyszłości; ze szkód psychicznych i rozchwiania tożsamości; z naturalnego prawa jednostki do relacji rodzinnych. Na koniec autor przeformułuje argument z mądrości odrazy na argument z mądrości współczucia.

The author analyses ways of employment of computers in mathematics. In particular, the role of computers in the theory of fractals is considered. The author advocates the view that use of computers do not change character of mathematics - which is a deductive, not experimental science.

The paper presents three different Fregean approaches towards the question of truth, all of which can be classified as belonging to the category of minimalistic theories, namely the identity theory of McDowell and Hornsby, the 'modest' conception of truth proposed by Wolfgang Künne and the 'alethic realism' of William Alston. The conceptions are described as realistically biased, in spite of their refusal to accept 'objectual' facts as entities in the world. It is argued that a legitimate position can be distinguished (...) within the current truth-theoretical investigations that can be called 'realistic minimalism about truth'. It is emphasised that the conceptions of meaning which are assumed by Fregean truth theories have an essential impact upon the tendency of such minimalistic theories to gravitate either towards deflationism or towards realism. Four typical characteristics of realistically biased minimalistic theories of truth are distinguished, three of which are also accepted by deflationists of different kinds. These characterisctis are: (1) assuming indefinability of truth, (2) describing truth in terms of identity between the content of a proposition and the fact, (3) accepting the status of truth as a property (the status of truth as a property is questionable for most minimalists, but there are some who accept it), and (4) describing truth as a relational property of propositions with respect to "the ways things are" in reality. Accepting the latter thesis without rejecting the first two must be grounded in assuming a referential conception of meaning, i.e. a conception of meaning according to which separate expressions and the content of a proposition as a whole concern something that is independent of the subject and of the language. Such a semantic base makes it possible for a theory of truth to be minimalistic, in the sense of not trying to define the nature of truth, while remaining realistic with respect to the question of truth. This can only be the case because the assumed referential conception of meaning itself makes the claim that the contents of true propositions express the ways things are in reality. (shrink)

W artykule przedstawiono życiorys i najważniejsze dokonania naukowe ks. dr hab. Grzegorza Bugajaka, prof. UKSW, związanego z Wydziałem Filozofii Chrześcijańskiej ATK/UKSW. Ks. Bugajak zostawił po sobie duży i interesujący dorobek naukowy, koncentrujący się wokół problemów z zakresu filozofii przyrody, filozofii nauk przyrodniczych i relacji między naukami przyrodniczymi a teologią. Jego prace stanowią znaczny wkład w rozwój filozofii. -------------- Zgłoszono: 12/08/2020. Zrecenzowano: 19/09/2020. Zaakceptowano do publikacji: 30/10/2020.

Prakseologia jako praktyka czynu zainicjowana przez francuskiego intelektualistę Alfreda Espinasa i Aleksandra Bogdanowa to nauka o wszelkich sprawnościach ludzkiej działalności. Jak piszą Tadeusz Kotarbiński oraz Tadeusz Pszczołowski: będąc metodologią ogólną, której działania koncentrują się wokół wyodrębniania i systematyzacji bogactwa różnorodnych form działania, prakseologia staje się także próbą ich usprawnienia i upraktycznienia. To upraktycznienie zakłada analizę rzeczywistości oraz przyjęcie pewnych sposobów obchodzenia się z zasobami możliwości. Zatem prakseologia już jako tektologia każe nazywać wszelkie możliwe działanie organizowaniem lub łączeniem w całość bogatego (...) i skomplikowanego spiętrzenia zasobów. Jednym z efektów tego spiętrzenia powinna być gwarancja dopasowania środków do założonego celu, a zarazem towarzysząca temu okazja uzyskania optimum rezultatu. Artykuł pokazuje, że elementy prakseologiczne uobecniają się współcześnie w procesie coachingowym. Dzięki temu coaching jako aktywna forma komunikacji dialogicznej jest obecnie jedną z najskuteczniejszych form wspierania drugiego człowieka w samodzielnym odkrywaniu własnych zdolności oraz potencjału zasobów pozwalających sprawnie realizować wyznaczane cele. (shrink)

The article tries to answer the following questions: Why did Lewis Carroll\'s ideas, expressed in the form of fairy tales, fascinate numerous analytical philosophers? What does Carroll\'s contribution to the contemporary logic and philosophy consist in? The basic thesis of the article is that Lewis Carroll - remaining in the Anglo-Saxon tradition of David Hume\'s and George Berkeley\'s philosophy - supplied material illustrating the problems connected with the use of language. He showed how improper use of language leads to formation (...) of philosophical problems. The article presents Carroll\'s output. He was one of the pioneers of symbolic logic that he developed in Boole\'s and De Morgan\'s tradition - in the field of the so-called recreation mathematics that he popularized in the form of riddles, puzzles, doublets and puns, compared by some logicians to a formal system. The article presents the essence of the theory of language developed by Carroll, in which language may be something hermetic with only one person having access to it (the case of Humpty Dumpty), but also something common, something social (Alice\'s conversation with the White King). Attention is paid to the fact that Carroll differentiated between what is nonsensical and what is absurd (the criterion being its relation to logic). It is pointed that Carroll\'s aim was first of all discovering the nonsense that is hidden behind the formulation of a metaphysical problem. In the article also the connections are studied between Carroll and Ludwig Wittgenstein, the relation between them being seen in the view that absurd introduced by means of humor is a kind of vaccine that is supposed to protect us from forming absurdity in philosophy. In conclusion it is stated that Carroll\'s ideas that are the most significant for analytic philosophers are concerned with the nature of language that is not a transparent medium for him, but something that offers resistance when we communicate with others, as well as something that may be flexible and adjusted to our will. By manipulating language Carroll shows in what way philosophy balances between sense and nonsense and how often philosophical questions arise from erroneous use of language and erroneous posing of problems. (shrink)

The article presents the views of Benedict Bornstein, formulated in his early writings, such as The Pre-established Transcendental Harmony as the Foundation of Kant’s Theory and The Basic Problem of Kant’s Theory of Cognition. These views pertain to the Kantian dualism of concepts and intuitions and they are presented against the background of the contemporary debate about the contents of perceptual experience. Recognizing the rightness of Bornstein’s claim about the non-conceptual character of the Kantian intuitions, I criticize Bornstein’s solution to (...) the problem of dualism, which necessitates an appeal to the conception of transcendental harmony, established by an act of God’s will. (shrink)

The authoress shows a simple way to avoid paradoxical consequences of the Czerniawski's argument.