Cancer cells seem to exploit mechanisms that evolve as part of physiological tolerance, which is a complementary and often beneficial form of defense. The study of physiological systems of tolerance can therefore provide insights into the development of a state of host tolerance of cancer, and how to break it. Analysis of these models has the potential to improve our understanding of existing immunological therapeutic targets, and help to identify future targets and rational therapeutic combinations. The treatment of cancer with (...) immune checkpoint inhibitors aims to reverse the progression to tolerance of cancer, and achieve an immunogenic, rather than tolerogenic, homeostasis. Broadening the efficacy and durability of checkpoint inhibitors focuses on reversing tolerance and stimulating immunogenicity in the cancer, host, and environment. Two examples of important physiological states of tolerance that may inform tolerance of cancer are microbial infection and placental reproduction. These states of tolerance result from bilateral shaping of host and non‐self, akin to immunoediting in cancer, and offer reliable models to study the immune tolerance paradigm. (shrink)

In einem früheren Artikel wurde untersucht, wie Philosophen wie Ernst Cassirer, Ludwig Klages und Max Scheler mit dem Themenkomplex „Geist und Leben“ umgingen. In ei nem zweiten Teil geht es über die Frage der Geist-Leben-Beziehung hinaus um die Frage, wie sich Cassirer mit der Lebensphilosophie im Allgemeinen (und mit der Philosophie von Ludwig Klages insbesondere) beschäftigt und zwar nicht nur damals in seinem Scheler Aufsatz, sondern auch im dritten, gleich 1929 veröffentlichten Band der Philosophie der symbolischen Formen sowie in den (...) Nachlassmanuskripten zum geplanten vierten Band. Aus dieser Untersuchung geht hervor, dass man Cassirer durchaus als Klages-Kenner ein stufen kann, und (a) auf dessen Klages-Kritik, (b) auf eine mögliche klagesianische Antwort darauf und schließlich (c) auf die wichtigen, in der Forschungsliteratur oft übersehenen Affinitäten zwischen Cassirer und Klages – vor allem hinsichtlich solcher Themen wie des Symbols, des Spieles und der Rolle des Ästhetischen – wird hier systematisch eingegangen. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Literature as Fable, Fable as ArgumentLester H. HuntIIn an ancient Chinese text we find the following exchange between the Confucian sage Mencius and one of his adversaries:Kao Tzu said, "Human nature is like whirling water. Give it an outlet in the east and it will flow east; give an outlet in the west and it will flow west. Human nature does not show any preference for either good or (...) bad, just as water does not show any preference for either east or west.""It certainly is the case," said Mencius, "that water does not show any preference for either east or west, but does it show the same indifference to high and low? Human nature is good just as water seeks low ground. There is no man who is not good; there is no water that does not flow downwards."1The subject of this colloquy is a familiar one in philosophy as we know it in the West. Its form and style are also vaguely familiar: it is a clashing exchange of theories, in which the speakers do not seem to be speaking merely to express themselves, but in order to persuade others that they are right. Yet at the same time it seems quite alien to us. It would be hard to find anything in it that a Western philosopher since the time of Plato would recognize as an argument. The participants seem to be speaking entirely in illustrative analogies and clever aphorisms, not in arguments at all. The style seems to be literary rather than philosophical. Yet what they are doing does look curiously like arguing. There is a rhythm of statement and counter-statement, in which each speaker seems to be answering the claims of the other.A related, though different, sort of ambiguity, in which the author [End Page 369] really does seem to be both arguing and not arguing, can be found in the following text, traditionally attributed to a Westerner of the sixth century B.C.:Between the North Wind and the Sun, they say, a contest of this sort arose, to wit, which of the two would strip the goatskin from a farmer plodding on his way. The North Wind first began to blow as he does when he blows from Thrace, thinking by sheer force to rob the wearer of his cloak. And yet no more on that account did he, the man, relax his hold; instead he shivered, drew the borders of his garment tight about him every way, and rested with his back against a spur of rock. Then the Sun peeped forth, welcome at first, bringing the man relief from the cold, raw wind. Next, changing, he turned the heat on more, and suddenly the farmer felt too hot and of his own accord threw off the cloak, and so was stripped.Thus was the North Wind beaten in the contest. And the story means: "Cultivate gentleness, my son; you will get results oftener by persuasion than by the use of force."2Here Aesop, to use the traditional name for the author of this ancient fable, is plainly doing something "literary": he is telling a story. But narration in the Aesopian mode is never simply telling a story, and in this case what is present in addition to the story seems to have something logical about it. Personally, I read this fable with a certain sense, however faint, that I am being enlightened by it. That of course is Aesop's aim. He is not merely expressing his opinion, but in some way showing us the truth of it. This is the sort of thing that, in philosophy, is done through argument. However, as in the text from the Mencius, it seems there may be no argument here.Clearly, we are dealing with forms of persuasion that are common at certain times in the development of a culture: namely, those periods when the philosophical muse is a mere suckling babe. We are looking, one might think, at a level of development so rudimentary that the distinction between argument as we think of it today and other forms of persuasion has not been made... (shrink)

Clanak se bavi Kantovim vlastitim naucnopovesnim i naucno-teoretskim pozicioniranjem koje preduzima u izdanju B Kritike cistog uma. Istrazuje se Kantov pojam?sigurnog hoda nauke? kao i analogije izmedju matematike/prirodnih nauka, s jedne strane, i metafizike, s druge, koje on postavlja u ovoj perspektivi. Pokusace se uciniti razumljivim Kantov govor o slicnosti njegove?revolucije nacina misljenja? i?prve Kopernikove misli?. Kantov uvod u transcendentalni ideali?zam, poznat kao?Kopernikanska revolucija?, cesto se odgovarajuce povrsno i redukcionisticki tumaci kao Kopernikovo zamenjivanje geocentrickog modela Suncevog sistema sa heliocentricnim modelom. (...) Nasuprot tome ovde se argumentu?je da je slicnost sa Kopernikom koju sam Kant istice mnogo kompleksnija te da se odnosi kako na sadrzaj i na transcendentalno-idealisticku tezu tako i na status njihovog utemeljenja. (shrink)

U ovom radu pokušavam razviti ono što nazivam 'analitičkom, farabijanskom' koncepcijom orijentalizma. Motivacija za ovu koncepciju je to što nam pomaže sa zadatkom––koji je identificirao Wael B. Hallaq––da idemo dalje od 'rudimentarnih političkih slogana' vezanih za teoriju orijentalizma i umjesto toga da identificiramo orijentalističku 'psihoepistemičku patologiju' ( Hallaq 2018, 4). Da bismo to učinili ispravno, prema Hallaqu, moramo pronaći metodološku alternativu onoj koja orijentalistički diskurs čini mogućim. Hallaq identificira temeljni problem kao predanost sekularnom humanizmu, a rješenje njegovo napuštanje. Međutim, mislim (...) da je problem dublji, koji se grubo može izraziti na sljedeći način: kako možemo prihvatiti sveprisutnost ideološkog utjecaja bez napuštanja ideje da naše teorije ciljaju (i do neke mjere uspijevaju) predstavljati objektivnu stvarnost––tako da možemo reći da je orijentalizam stvaran fenomen, a ne samo nešto za što slučajno vjerujemo da je fenomen. Koncipiranje orijentalizma unutar farabijanske epistemologije i korištenje analitičkih alata za njegovo razumijevanje (za koje tvrdim da predstavlja jedinstvenu i osebujnu vrstu falibilizma) napreduje tamo gdje druge koncepcije ne uspijevaju. (shrink)

Rad predstavlja pokusaj da se jedna konkretna naucna polemika o temi koja je opterecena znatnim ideoloskim nabojem "zanrovski" preusmeri ka formi naucnog dijaloga, i time ucini plodnijom u naucnom smislu. Glavna pitanja koja se razmatraju ticu se pokusaja teorijskog odredjenja petooktobarske revolucije i uloge koju je pokret "Otpor" imao u njoj. U radu se brani teza da teorijski modeli "talasa demokratizacije" i "izborne revolucije" nude najutemeljenije okvire za razmatranje pitanja koja se u tekstu otvaraju. Kljucni problemi o kojima se u (...) radu raspravlja su sledeci: u kojoj meri oslanjanje na strane izvore i teorijske okvire zakrivljuje uvide u lokalne politicke procese kakva je razlika izmedju "uvezenih" i "izbornih revolucija"; koje su posebnosti izborne revolucije u Srbiji i koje je njeno mesto u "drugom talasu" postkomunisticke demokratizacije; koliki je relativni znacaj stranih i lokalnih inicijativa prilikom organizovanja izbornih revolucija; u cemu je razlika izmedju klasicnih odnosa izmedju davalaca i primalaca politicke pomoci i novih odnosa, koji se zasnivaju na nacelu sinergije; koja su ogranicenja ili-ili logike objasnjenja u razmatranju politicke saradnje stranih i domacih aktera; sta povezuje strategiju nenasilnog otpora, proaktivnu logiku politickog delovanja i Otporov "Plan B"; najzad, postoji li mehanicka veza izmedju prisustva strane pomoci i gubljenja kontrole nad rezultatima izborne revolucije. U zavrsnom odeljku, otvara se pitanje negativnih i pozitivnih aspekata nasledja Otpora kao politickog projekta i nudi pokusaj da se razmatranje o dometima pokreta poveze sa razumevanjem "dinamike nade" kao politickog projekta na kojem je Otpor sistematski radio. (shrink)

Der Verfasser befasst sich zuerst mit den theoretischen und gesellschaftlich - geschichtlichen Voraussetzungen der Konzeption der Vernunft Kants. Kants Auseinandersetzung mit dem Problem der Metaphysik, wie auch die Aufgaben einer philosophischen Begr?ndung der Wissenschaft und einer Grundlegend der Ethik, haben die Einf?hrung eines Unterschieds zwischen Verstand und Vernunft, Kategorien und Ideen, bzw. der theoretischen und der praktischen Sph?re bedingt. Nach einer Betrachtung der Konstitution Rolle des Verstandes und des Regulativen Gebrauchs der Ideen in der theoretischen Sph?re untersuchte der Autor Kants (...) Auffassung?ber die Konsumtion Rolle der Vernunft in der praktischen Sph?re. Sich auf seine Lehre vom Primat der praktischen?ber die theoretischen Vernunft, bzw. vom Primat der Moralit?t?ber die Wissenschaft st?tzend, stellt der Verfasser fest, dass f?r eine Zivilisieren der Verstand gen?gt, aber f?r eine Moralisieren die Vernunft unentbehrlich ist. Bei seiner Betrachtung von Kants Versuch der?berbr?ckung des Abgrunds zwischen Natur und Freiheit durch die Einf?hrung der reflektierenden Urteilskraft, verweist der Autor auf eine?hnlichkeit zwischen der Vernunft und der reflektierenden Urteilskraft bez?glich ihrer Regulativen Rolle in der theoretischen Erkenntnis. Die Untersuchung des Verh?ltnisses zwischen Natur und Vernunft in der Philosophie von Kant, wie auch die Konfrontation der Konzeptionen der Vernunft von Kant und Hegel bietet die Voraussetzungen f?r das Verstehen eines ambivalenten Verh?ltnisses des K?nigsberg Denkers zur Revolution. Nach einer?berpr?fung des Urteils von Lukacs?ber Kant als einem typischen Vertreter des b?rgerlichen Denkens, er?rtert der Verfasser am Ende der Studie, ob uns Kants Philosophie helfen kann, die Krise zu?berwinden, in der sich die Menschheit heute befindet.. Autor najpre ispituje teorijske i drustveno-istorijske pretpostavke Kantove koncepcije uma. Kantovo suocavanje s problemom statusa metafizike, kao i zadaci filozofskog utemeljenja nauke i zasnivanja etike uslovili su uspostavljanje razlike izmedju razuma i uma, kategorija i ideja, odnosno teorijske i prakticke sfere. Nakon razmatranja konstitutivne uloge razuma i regulativne upotrebe ideja u teorijskoj sferi, autor ispituje Kantovo shvatanje konstitutivne uloge uma u praktickoj sferi. Oslanjajuci se na njegovo ucenje o primatu praktickog nad teorijskim umom, morala nad naukom autor zakljucuje da je za civilizovanost dovoljan razum, dok je za moralizovanost neophodan um. Posto je razmotrio Kantov pokusaj da uvodjenjem refleksivne moci sudjenja premosti ponor izmedju nuznosti i slobode, autor ukazuje na slicnost uma i refleksivne moci sudjenja u pogledu njihove regulativne uloge u teorijskom saznanju. Ispitivanje odnosa prirode i uma u Kantovoj filozofiji, kao i suceljavanje Kantove i Hegelove koncepcije uma nude pretpostavke za razumevanje ambivalentnog stava kenigsberskog mislioca prema revoluciji. Nakon preispitivanja Lukaceve ocene o Kantu kao tipicnom predstavniku gradjanskog misljenja, autor ne kraju rada raspravlja da li nam Kantova filozofija moze pomoci da prebrodimo krizu u kojoj se danas covecanstvo nalazi. (shrink)

Der Verfasser betrachtet Adornos Deutung der Strategie der modernen Kunst in ihrem Versuch der verdinglichtenWelt zu widerstehen. Diese Strategie bezeichnet der frankfurter Denker als Mimesis der Verdinglichung,?berzeugt davon, dass die Kunst gegen den Bann opponieren kann, nur inwiefern sie sich mit diesem identifiziert. Abstraktheit, Dissonanz und Nihilismus der modernen Kunst fasst Adorno geradezu als Mimesis der Verdinglichung auf. Das Ziel der modernen Kunst sei es, dass sie mit der eigenen "H?sslichkeit" eine verborgene H?sslichkeit derWelt entlarvt, d.h. dass sie den Rezipienten (...) schockiert und ihn dadurch aus der konformistischen Schl?frigkeit auff?hrt. Nachdem der Verfasser Adornos Deutung der Strategie der modernen Kunst betrachtet hat, bemerkt er, dass auch sie sich, nach Anfangserfolgen, der Herrschaft der instrumentalen Vernunft, d.h. derWelt, die sich auf dem abstrakten b?rgerlichen Prinzip des Tausches gr?ndet, als nicht gewachsen herausgestellt hat. Autor razmatra Adornovo tumacenje strategije moderne umetnosti u njenom pokusaju odolevanja postvarenom svetu. Ovu strategiju moderne umetnosti frankfurtski mislilac oznacava kao mimezis postvarenja, uveren da umetnost moze oponirati stezi ukletosti jedino ukoliko se identifikuje s njom. Apstraktnost, disonantnost i nihilizam moderne umetnosti Adorno shvata upravo kao mimezis postvarenja. Cilj moderne umetnosti je da vlastitom ruznocom razoblici prikrivenu "ruznocu" sveta, da svojom sokantnoscu trgne recipijenta iz konformistickog dremeza. Razmotrivsi Adornovo tumacenje strategije moderne umetnosti, autor primecuje da se i ona, nakon pocetnih uspeha, pokazala nedoraslom vladavini instrumentalnog uma, tj. svetu koji pociva na apstraktnom principu razmene. (shrink)

Episodic memory has been analyzed in a number of different ways in both philosophy and psychology, and most controversy has centered on its self-referential, autonoetic character. Here, we offer a comprehensive characterization of episodic memory in representational terms and propose a novel functional account on this basis. We argue that episodic memory should be understood as a distinctive epistemic attitude taken toward an event simulation. In this view, episodic memory has a metarepresentational format and should not be equated with beliefs (...) about the past. Instead, empirical findings suggest that the contents of human episodic memory are often constructed in the service of the explicit justification of such beliefs. Existing accounts of episodic memory function that have focused on explaining its constructive character through its role in future-oriented mental time travel do justice neither to its capacity to ground veridical beliefs about the past nor to its representational format. We provide an account of the metarepresentational structure of episodic memory in terms of its role in communicative interaction. The generative nature of recollection allows us to represent and communicate the reasons why we hold certain beliefs about the past. In this process, autonoesis corresponds to the capacity to determine when and how to assert epistemic authority in making claims about the past. A domain where such claims are indispensable are human social engagements. Such engagements commonly require the justification of entitlements and obligations, which is often possible only by explicit reference to specific past events. (shrink)

Volume 20, Issue 4, May 2020, Page 71-73.

We develop a partial solution to the meta-problem of consciousness that builds on our previous psychological account of an apparent explanatory gap. Drawing from empirical work on explanatory cognition and conceptual development, we sketch a profile of cognitive systems for which primitive concepts facilitate explanatory gaps. This account predicts that there will be multiple explanatory gaps. We suggest that this is borne out by the existence of primitivist theories in multiple philosophical domains.

This paper evaluates the current use of the Principal Agent Model (PAM) in accounting and finance, focusing on the agent'ss use of private information. The agent'ss behavioral norms in the the PAM deviate from commonly held ethical values in society, from models of man in conventional economic theory, and also from behavioral foundations of related business school fields like corporate strategy, business ethics, and human resource management. Still, it would be unwise to reject the PAM solely because of its distasteful (...) ethical assumptions. The model does appear to have predictive power, but its descriptive or normative qualities remain unexplored. The popularity of the PAM, with its extreme model of man, raises fundamental questions about the impact of this model on business school stakeholders and society at large. (shrink)

Neuronal aggregates involved in conscious awareness are not evenly distributed throughout the CNS but comprise key components referred to as the neural network correlates of consciousness (NNCC). A critical node in this network is the posterior cingulate, precuneal, and retrosplenial cortices. The cytological and neurochemical composition of this region is reviewed in relation to the Brodmann map. This region has the highest level of cortical glucose metabolism and cytochrome c oxidase activity. Monkey studies suggest that the anterior thalamic projection likely (...) drives retrosplenial and posterior cingulate cortex metabolism and that the midbrain projection to the anteroventral thalamic nucleus is a key coupling site between the brainstem system for arousal and cortical systems for cognitive processing and awareness. The pivotal role of the posterior cingulate, precuneal, and retrosplenial cortices in consciousness is demonstrated with posterior cingulate epilepsy cases, midcingulate lesions that de-afferent this region and are associated with unilateral sensory neglect, observations from stroke and vegetative state patients, alterations in blood flow during sleep, and the actions of general anesthetics. Since this region is critically involved in self reflection, it is not surprising that it is similarly a site for the NNCC. Interestingly, information processing during complex cognitive tasks and during aversive sensations such as pain induces efforts to terminate self reflection and result in decreased processing in posterior cingulate and precuneal cortices. (shrink)

Cilj rada: izložiti i analizirati pedagoške strategije i komunikacijski pristup definicijama bioetike, zajednički dio bioetičkih sadržaja koji se održavaju na sveučilišnim studijima Stomatologije i Organizacije, planiranja i upravljanja u zdravstvu, te Stručnom studiju medicinske radiologije na Medicinskom fakultetu u Rijeci. Metode: metoda analize sadržaja korištena je za istraživanje i prezentiranje enciklopedijskih i nekih autorskih definicija bioetike, s posebnim naglaskom na definicije bioetike autora – bioetičara iz Hrvatske; metoda uzorka 1. uključivala je kurikulum Medicinske etike, Bioetike i Etike zdravstvene skrbi te (...) istraživala stajališta 45 studenata studija na kojima se održavaju bioetički kolegiji. Uzorak je specifično stratificiran jer je: a) uključivao studente čiji se kurikulum odvija u turnusima – intenzivnim predavanjima u trajanju od dva tjedna, te one čija su se predavanja održavala svaki tjedan tijekom jednog semestra; b) različite godine studija , 2. skala procjene korištena je za istraživanje i prikupljanje stajališta studenata o sadržaju kurikuluma, metodama izvođenja i postignutoj razini komunikacije između studenata te komunikacije s profesorom. Očekivani rezultati: izložena metoda rada i rezultati dobiveni skalom procjene bi trebali pokazati prihvatljivost i uspješnost prikazanih pedagoško-metodoloških načina rada, ukazati na slabosti i nedostatke te konačno zaključiti o razmjeru u kojem izloženi koncept i pristupi aktualizaciji definicija bioetike doprinose realizaciji dijaloga i komunikacije u kojoj studenti istovremeno doživljavaju kurikulum kao nužan, koristan i zanimljiv te takav da potiče na razmišljanje, razmjenu ideja i nuđenje mogućih rješenja. Skala procjene bi trebala istaknuti različite stavove nastave. (shrink)

En tant que communaut? ethnique et groupe social d?favoris?, les Roms se heurtent quotidiennement aux probl?mes relatifs r l?obtention de papiers d?identit? ou autres documents, difficult? qui les prive de leur?galit? devant l?ensemble des citoyens, et les rend m?me inexistants. L?objet de cet te recherche porte sur les d?marches et probl?mes rencontr?s par les demandeurs en vue d?obtenir les documents suivants: a) num?ro d?immatriculation; b) extrait d?acte de naissance, dedans, de mariage; c) certificat de nationalit?; d) d?claration de s?jour et (...) de lieu de r?sidence; e) carte d?identit? et carte de travail, alors que les groupes vis?s par la recherche sont: employ?s et responsables d?offices d??tat civil; demandeurs, interm?diaires avec autorisations, militants roms et leurs associations, commissaires pour les r?fugi?s et personnes d?plac?es, fonctionnaires de certaines communes et secr?taires des communes, repr?sentants de MUP. Nous avons analys? le travail et les difficult?s de travail de certains organismes, ainsi que les probl?mes rencontr?s par les demandeurs et les interm?diaires avec autorisations en vue de se voir d? livrer des documents personnels ou lors des proc?dures d?obtention de documents personnels. En dernier lieu, nos recommandations concernent l?organisation et la coordination des organismes d??tat civil, une meilleure information s?adressant aux demandeurs, et contiennent le concept d?une am?lioration syst?matique de cet?tat de choses visant r ce que les roms de viennent des citoyens?gaux.. Kao deprivirana etnicka zajednica i socijalna grupa Romi se suocavaju u svakodnevnom zivotu sa problemima pribavljanja osnovnih licnih dokumenata, bez kojih su ne samo neravnopravni, nego cesto i neegzistentni gradjani. Predmet istrazivanja su bili postupci i problemi u sticanju sledecih dokumenata: a) jedinstveni maticni broj gradjana; b) izvodi iz maticnih knjiga rodjenih, umrlih, vencanih; c) uverenja o drzavljanstvu; d) prijava boravka i prebivalista e) licne karte i rad ne knjizice, a osnovne ciljne grupe istrazivanja bili su: sluzbenici i rukovodioci izmestenih maticnih ureda; neposredni podnosioci zahteva za izdavanje dokumenata; posrednici sa ovlastenjima ; romski aktivisti i udruzenja, javni zastupnici, poverenici za izbegli ce i raseljena lica; nacelnici pojedinih opstinskih sluzbi i sekretari opstina, predstavnici MUP-a. Analiziran je rad i poteskoce u radu maticnih i drugih sluzbi, problemi neposrednih podnosilaca zahteva za izdavanje nekog od licnih dokumenata i, posrednici sa ovlascenjima. Na kraju je u preporukama o organizaciji i koordinaciji rada maticnih sluzbi, preporukama za bolje informisanje Roma, podnosilaca zahteva i preporukama u korist podnosilaca zahteva sadrzan koncept sistematskog poboljsanja stanja, cime bi se Romima omogucilo da budu istinski ravnopravni gradjani Srbije. (shrink)

This work provides an interesting, though sometimes rather sweeping, demonstration that the metaphysical problem of the same and the other is also the central problem of literature and literary criticism. The author defends the analogical imagination as the symbolic counterpart of participation in Platonic metaphysics.--D. C. B.