According to the safety account of knowledge, one knows that p only if one’s belief could not easily have been false. An important issue for the account is whether we should only examine the target belief when evaluating whether a belief is safe or not. In this paper, it is argued that, if we should only examine the target belief, then the account fails to account for ignorance of necessary truths. But, if we should also examine beliefs in other relevant (...) propositions, then the account fails to account for knowledge from falsehood. Therefore, the safety account of knowledge is undermined by knowledge from falsehood and ignorance of necessary truths. (shrink)

The safety condition is supposed to be a necessary condition on knowledge which helps to eliminate epistemic luck. It has been argued that the condition should be globalized to a set of propositions rather than the target proposition believed to account for why not all beliefs in necessary truths are safe. A remaining issue is which propositions are relevant when evaluating whether the target belief is safe or not. In the literature, solutions have been proposed to determine the relevance of (...) propositions. This paper examines a case of luckily true belief一thus a case of ignorance一and a case of knowledge. It argues that no solution in the literature offers a correct verdict in either case. Therefore, the strategy to globalize safety remains unsatisfactory. (shrink)

It has been argued that an advantage of the safety account over the sensitivity account is that the safety account preserves epistemic closure; while the sensitivity account implies epistemic closure failure. However, the argument fails to take the method-relativity of the modal conditions on knowledge, viz, sensitivity and safety, into account. In this paper, I argue that the sensitivity account and the safety account are on a par with respect to epistemic closure once the method-relativity of the modal conditions is (...) taken into account. Therefore, epistemic closure is no longer an arbiter in the debate. (shrink)

This paper examines two objections to the infinitist theory of epistemic justification, namely “the finite mind objection” and “the distinction objection.” It criticizes Peter Klein’s response to the distinction objection and offers a more plausible response. It is then argued that this response is incompatible with Klein’s response to the finite mind objection. Infinitists, it would seem, cannot handle both objections when taken together.

This paper presents several results on the non-commutative fuzzy logic HpsUL, a Hilbert system whose corresponding algebraic semantics is the variety of bounded representable residuated lattices. In particular, we prove that HpsUL is not complete with respect to algebras based on the real unit interval, which answers the question posed by Metcalfe, Olivetti and Gabbay and shows that HpsUL is not the logic of pseudo-uninorms and their residua.

The rational allocation of functional areas is the foundation for addressing the sustainable development of cities. Efficient and accurate identification methods of urban functional areas are of great significance to the adjustment and testing of urban planning and industrial layout optimization. Firstly, by employing multisource geographic data, an identification method of urban functional areas was developed. A quantitative measurement approach of the urban functional area was then established considering the comprehensive effects of human-land, space-time, and thematic information to present the (...) covering area of ground objects, public awareness, and empirical research. Finally, the Zhengzhou city, which locates in Henan province of central China, was used to test the method. The results show that the developed method is efficient, accurate, and universal and can identify urban functional areas quickly and accurately. We found that the overall distribution of Zhengzhou’s functional areas presents a spatial pattern of single and multimixed coordinated development. The city’s commercial functional areas and commercial-based mixed functional areas are located in the city’s central area. The green square’s function area occupies relatively low and is mainly distributed in the city’s fringe. (shrink)

Bosbach and Riečan states on residuated lattices both are generalizations of probability measures on Boolean algebras. Just from the observation that both of them can be defined by using the canonical structure of the standard MV-algebra on the unit interval [0, 1], generalized Riečan states and two types of generalized Bosbach states on residuated lattices were recently introduced by Georgescu and Mureşan through replacing the standard MV-algebra with arbitrary residuated lattices as codomains. In the present paper, the Glivenko theorem is (...) first extended to residuated lattices with a nucleus, which gives several necessary and sufficient conditions for the underlying nucleus to be a residuated lattice homomorphism. Then it is proved that every generalized Bosbach state (of type I, or of type II) compatible with the nucleus on a nucleus-based-Glivenko residuated lattice is uniquely determined by its restriction on the nucleus image of the underlying residuated lattice, and every relatively generalized Riečan state compatible with the double relative negation on an arbitrary residuated lattice is uniquely determined by its restriction on the double relative negation image of the residuated lattice. Our results indicate that many-valued probability theory compatible with nuclei on residuated lattices reduces in essence to probability theory on algebras of fixpoints of the underlying nuclei. (shrink)

Tracking representationalism is the theory that phenomenal consciousness is a matter of tracking physical properties in an appropriate way. This theory holds that phenomenal character can be explained in terms of representational content, and it also entails that there is unlikely to be a strong correlation between phenomenal character and neural states. However, the empirical evidence shows that both claims cannot be true. So, tracking representationalism is wrong. Its fault is due to ignoring the internal correlation of experience, the existence (...) of which shows that phenomenal character is shaped by neural states to a large extent, so it cannot be wholly explained by representational content. (shrink)

With the deepening of exploration and development, a large number of low resistivity reservoirs have been found in XP area. It is found that the genesis of these low resistivity reservoirs is that the reservoirs contain a lot of very fine sand, which leads to the high content of bound water in the reservoirs and reduces the resistivity. Compared with normal oil reservoirs, these reservoirs show low resistivity and high natural gamma, which makes it difficult to identify reservoirs qualitatively and (...) calculate parameters quantitatively. Using conventional logging interpretation methods, the wrong shale content and porosity will be obtained, and such reservoirs may even be judged as mudstones. In order to solve this problem, we extract a characteristic parameter from T2 spectrum of nuclear magnetic resonance logging, which can effectively identify such reservoirs. In addition, we have innovatively proposed an optimized logging interpretation method for integrated NMR logging and conventional logging, which has effectively improved the parameter calculation accuracy of this type of reservoir and achieved a good application effect in XP area. (shrink)

In alphabetic writing systems, the spaces between words mark the word boundaries, and the basic unit of reading is distinguished during visual-level processing. The visual-level information of word boundaries facilitates reading. Chinese is an ideographic language whose text contains no intrinsic inter-word spaces as the marker of word boundaries. Previous studies have shown that the basic processing unit of Chinese reading is also a word. However, findings remain inconsistent regarding whether inserting spaces between words in Chinese text promotes reading performance. (...) Researchers have proposed that there may be a trade-off between format familiarity and the facilitation effect of inter-word spaces. In order to verify this, this study manipulated the format familiarity via reversing the Chinese reading direction from right to left to investigate this issue in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. The purpose of Experiment 1 was to examine whether inter-word spaces facilitated Chinese reading in an unfamiliar format. Experiment 1 was conducted that 40 native Chinese undergraduates read Chinese sentences from right to left on four format conditions. The results showed faster reading speed and shorter total reading time for the inter-word spaced format. Based on this finding, Experiment 2 examined whether the facilitation effect of inter-word spaces would reduce or disappear after improving the format familiarity; this experiment was conducted that 40 native Chinese undergraduates who did not participate in Experiment 1 read Chinese sentences from right to left on four format conditions after ten-day reading training. There was no significant difference between the total reading time and reading speed in the inter-word spaced format and unspaced format, which suggests that the facilitation effect of inter-word spaces in Chinese reading changed smaller. The combined results of the two experiments suggest that there is indeed a trade-off between format familiarity and the facilitation of word segmentation, which supports the assumption of previous studies. (shrink)

With the deepening of exploration and development, many low-resistivity reservoirs have been found in the XP area. We have found that the genesis of these low-resistivity reservoirs is that they contain a lot of very fine sand, which leads to the high content of bound water in the reservoirs and reduces resistivity. Compared with normal oil reservoirs, these reservoirs show low resistivity and high natural gamma, which makes it difficult to identify reservoirs qualitatively and calculate parameters quantitatively. Using conventional logging (...) interpretation methods, the wrong shale content and porosity will be obtained, and such reservoirs may even be judged as mudstones. To solve this problem, we extract a characteristic parameter from the T2 spectrum of nuclear magnetic resonance logging, which can effectively identify such reservoirs. In addition, we have innovatively adopted an optimized logging interpretation method for integrated NMR logging and conventional logging, which has effectively improved the parameter calculation accuracy of this type of reservoir and achieved a good application effect in the XP area. (shrink)

The accurate identification of [Formula: see text] nonhydrocarbon gas layers plays an important role in the exploration and development of natural gas reservoirs. The logging response characteristics of layers containing nonhydrocarbon gas and hydrocarbon gas are very similar because there are gas fluids in both kinds of layers, which leads to the uncertainty in the interpretation results of gas types. We have developed a comprehensive method for the identification of [Formula: see text] nonhydrocarbon gas layers by using [Formula: see text]-relative (...) content and apparent porosity. First, based on the formation component bulk volume model of the coexisting reservoir of the [Formula: see text] nonhydrocarbon gas layers and the hydrocarbon gas layers, we develop an optimization algorithm to quantitatively calculate the [Formula: see text] relative content in the reservoir. Second, by analyzing and determining the logging response value of the [Formula: see text] nonhydrocarbon gas under the formation temperature and pressure conditions, we establish a qualitative identification chart using the difference between the calculated value of the apparent porosity of [Formula: see text] and the hydrocarbon gas. Finally, we were able to accurately identify the [Formula: see text] nonhydrocarbon gas layers by comprehensively analyzing the calculation results of the [Formula: see text] relative content in the reservoir and the identification results of the [Formula: see text] apparent porosity identification chart. We apply the above workflow in the Baiyun deep-water area in the eastern South China Sea, and it shows high efficiency in the identification of [Formula: see text] nonhydrocarbon gas layers. (shrink)

Building a 3D porosity model for the carbonate reservoir is crucial for the planning of hydrocarbon development. However, properly estimating the porosity of carbonate reservoir using wireline logs is still a challenge task due to the complexity of vugs. We treat the porosity estimate of carbonate as an optimization problem and propose to estimate the porosity of carbonate reservoir by integrating several kinds of petrophysics data. We begin with establishing a series of linear equations between the porosity and wireline logs. (...) The objective is computing a porosity value that simultaneously minimizes the defined linear equations. The multi-functions minimization can successfully improve the robust of the proposed method to noise and the “small” wireline log values due to the complex dissolution vug reservoirs. We build 3D porosity model by applying the cooperative kriging stochastic simulation algorithm to the porosity estimated at well bore location and inverted P-impedance from seismic data. We demonstrate the proposed workflow by applying it to the Ordovician carbonate dissolution-vug reservoir in the L area of Tahe oilfield. The statistical analysis shows that the built 3D model has a high correlation with the dynamic production data of the reservoir. (shrink)