This chapter argues that the multilevel selection -1 to MLS-2 model of a major transition is incomplete because it overlooks a crucial component of fitness. It addresses that the evolution of individuality literature has failed to account for expansive fitness and that expansive fitness differences play an important role in the transition to regimes sensitive to the fitness of the corporate agent. It discusses multilevel evolution during the three phases of transitions in individuality: the aggregate phase, the group phase, and (...) the individual phase. This chapter shows that the path a lineage takes through the phases of transitions is not fixed, but determined by ecology. (shrink)

The longevity of the Berlin and Kay theses results from the way in which they were formulated, contrasted with extreme relativism. Saunders & van Brakel need not reject colour opponency to reject universal colour categories. Colour opponency does not manifest itself in language, even when dealing directly with spectral colours.